{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:31:32Z","timestamp":1789543892186,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020256","name":"Medisinske fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["271555\/F20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["271555\/F20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["271555\/F20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["271555\/F20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"Universitetet i Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018707","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Reforming and enhancing the European Research and Innovation system","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["945539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["945539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRC grant 262950\/F20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRC grant 262950\/F20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Propofol and ketamine are widely used general anaesthetics, but have different effects on consciousness: propofol gives a deeply unconscious state, with little or no dream reports, whereas vivid dreams are often reported after ketamine anaesthesia. Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, while propofol is a \u03b3-aminobutyric-acid (GABA\n                    <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) receptor positive allosteric modulator, but these mechanisms do not fully explain how these drugs alter consciousness. Most previous\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies of cellular mechanisms of anaesthetics have used brain slices or neurons in a nearly \u201ccomatose\u201d state, because no \u201carousing\u201d neuromodulators were added. Here we tested mechanisms of anaesthetics in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) slices after bath-applying the cholinergic agonist muscarine to partly mimic an \u201caroused-like\u201d state, using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from layer 2\/3 pyramidal cells (L2\/3PCs). According to leading theories of access consciousness and working memory, L2\/3PCs are particularly important for these cognitive functions. We found that muscarine induced long-lasting depolarising plateau potentials (PPs) and spiking following brief depolarising current injections in the L2\/3PCs. After 2 hours of pre-incubation with ketamine or propofol, the muscarine-induced PPs were altered in seemingly different ways: 3 \u03bcM propofol reduced the PPs and (significantly) spiking, whereas 20 \u03bcM ketamine seemed to enhance PPs and spiking (non-significantly). Brief wash-in of these drug concentrations failed to induce such effects, probably due to insufficient equilibration by diffusion in the slices. In contrast, pre-incubation with a high dose (100 \u03bcM) of ketamine suppressed the PPs and spiking. We discuss whether the apparently different effects on PPs may possibly be related to contrasting clinical effects: ketamine causing atypical anaesthesia with vivid, \u201cpsychedelic\u201d dreaming while propofol causes less dreaming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T14:23:08Z","timestamp":1735827788000},"page":"e0316262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of ketamine and propofol on muscarinic plateau potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal cells"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3867-2431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne 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