{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:36:23Z","timestamp":1790354183858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vaccines have always been one of the promising therapeutic sources against many pathogens including infectious fungi. <jats:italic>Candida lusitaniae<\/jats:italic> is also one of those fungi which is responsible for different infections in human beings including vaginitis, endocarditis, endophthalmitis and blood stream infections. There is thus, a need to adopt effective therapeutic strategies to tackle such infections. Vaccine is one of those efficient therapeutic agents which stimulates immune response and prevents a certain infection to get hazardous. Keeping in view this very important concept, we have designed <jats:italic>in-silico<\/jats:italic> vaccine against <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>lusitaniae<\/jats:italic> by following the subtractive proteomics approach. Initially, the screening of therapeutic targets was performed to identify potent vaccine candidates from the whole proteome of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>lusitaniae<\/jats:italic>. Several significant factors were taken into account in this context, such as stability index, IFN status, allergenicity, and antigenicity. As a result, four distinct proteins that were both antigenic and non-allergenic, were selected from the whole proteome. Furthermore, physiochemical investigation revealed that these vaccine candidates were stable and that their IFN status was positive. Notably, each of these proteins was non-homologous to human beings. This particular attribute of the selected proteins i.e., to be non-homologous, was made in order to possess the ability to trigger an immunological response in host (humans). Furthermore, the whole proteome (WP) vaccine was constructed accordingly. The structural modelling of all the selected vaccine candidates was then performed to proceed them further for docking with the human toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Afterwards, the codon optimization was executed, followed by <jats:italic>in-silico<\/jats:italic> cloning of the final vaccine construct. The pet28A plasmid was incorporated for this purpose while, the SnapGene tool was utilized for this particular analysis. Ultimately, the immune simulations were executed to assess the immune response of the designed vaccine (WP). Upon final results, it was found that highest count of IgG and IgM was achieved i.e., up to 700000 between the days 8 to 13 and then slowly neutralized till the day 30. These results signified that the designed vaccine possessed the potential to stimulate the required immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T18:42:58Z","timestamp":1738867378000},"page":"e0316264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Utilizing the subtractive proteomics approach to design ensemble vaccine against Candida lusitaniae for immune response stimulation; a bioinformatics study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Habiba","family":"Naz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimsha","family":"Timotheous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3639-9255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Farhan","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudassar Fareed","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2829-7963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophia","family":"Awais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0316264.ref001","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Beware of alternate names for Candida species","volume":"106","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cdc"},{"key":"pone.0316264.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S383785","article-title":"Candida lusitaniae: Biology, Pathogenicity, Virulence Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"15","author":"D.F. 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