{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:14:20Z","timestamp":1768482860741,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dual harm involves the unfortunate experience of harm to self and others\/objects. Safeguarding individuals in forensic psychiatric settings against all forms of harm to self and others is sacrosanct. While understanding dual harm is crucial in the care and rehabilitation of patients in forensic psychiatric settings, only a few studies have explored this phenomenon. This study examined dual harm and its associated clinical and sociodemographic factors among forensic patients in Ontario, Canada.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this retrospective study, we used data from the Ontario Review Board (ORB) (n = 1240; mean age 42.54\u00b13.32 years, and 85.73% male). We defined dual harm as the co-occurrence of self-harming behaviour in the last 12 months and violent behaviour towards others or objects (such as verbal, physical, or sexual aggression). We analysed the data in relation to clinical and sociodemographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 1240 patients, 43 (3.55%) had engaged in dual harm. Most of them had engaged in dual harm related to verbal aggression (3.15%), followed by dual harm related to aggression towards objects (2.97%), dual harm related to aggression towards others (2.73%), and dual harm related to sexual aggression was the rarest (1.32%). Only 12 patients had engaged in all types of dual harm. Having a previous history of dual harm and a diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder increased the chance of perpetrating\/engaging in dual harm. However, increasing age and a higher education decreased the chance of dual harm. These factors were similar for different types of dual harm, except for dual harm related to sexual aggression, which was the only subtype associated with having a personality disorder diagnosis. Again, the experience of violence increased the chance of self-harm.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dual harm is present among forensic patients in Ontario, and self-harm is prevalent among individuals with various forms of aggression, especially when the violence was perpetrated towards objects. Strategies to manage the risk of self-harm among aggressive patients should be put in place to mitigate dual harm and the associated complications, especially among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T18:34:22Z","timestamp":1735583662000},"page":"e0316364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dual harm among patients in the Ontario forensic mental health system"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4733-154X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark Mohan","family":"Kaggwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bailea","family":"Erb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0200-7850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Prat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Davids","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1809-6384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary Andrew","family":"Chaimowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1736-9886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew Toyin","family":"Olagunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0316364.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00256-0","article-title":"Violence risk assessment instruments in forensic psychiatric populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"MGT Ogonah","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0316364.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30190-5","article-title":"Risk factors for self-harm in prison: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"L Favril","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0316364.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.051","article-title":"The co-occurrence of aggression and self-harm: Systematic literature review","volume":"175","author":"O O\u2019Donnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0316364.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0338","article-title":"Association Between Deliberate Self-harm and Violent Criminality","volume":"74","author":"H Sahlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0316364.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1083271","article-title":"A systematic review of the co-occurrence of self-harm and aggression: Is dual harm a unique behavioural construct?","volume":"14","author":"M Shafti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316364.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05560-2","article-title":"Dual harm among patients attending a mental health unit in Uganda: a hospital based retrospective study.","volume":"24","author":"A Favina","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"pone.0316364.ref007","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Co-occurrence of Self-Harm and Aggression: A Cognitive-Emotional Model of Dual-Harm.","author":"M Shafti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316364.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802419845161","article-title":"Dual harm: the importance of recognising the duality of self-harm and violence in forensic populations","volume":"59","author":"K. 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