{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T19:20:55Z","timestamp":1779304855219,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Patient-Centered Clinical Research Coordinating Center (PACEN) funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HC23C0130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HC23C0130"]}]},{"name":"St.Vincent\u2019s hospital, research institute of medical science","award":["SVHR-2017-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVHR-2017-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We sought to evaluate the relationship between blood vitamin A levels and myopia in adults aged \u226520 years in Korea.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We collected data of 15,899 participants aged \u226520 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants underwent refraction tests to identify myopia and high myopia, and their blood pressure and obesity levels were measured. Blood tests were conducted to assess vitamin A, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. Blood vitamin A levels were classified into quartiles.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After adjusting for confounding variables like age, sex, income, education, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, the odds ratio (OR) of blood vitamin A in the second quartile for myopia was 0.66, while the OR in the fourth quartile was 0.74 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend &lt; 0.001). Among women, the ORs for myopia in the second and third quartiles of blood vitamin A levels were 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35\u20130.66) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.49\u20130.90), respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend &lt; 0.001). In men, the ORs for high myopia in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of blood vitamin A levels were 0.05 (95% CI, 0.004\u20130.58), 0.15 (95% CI, 0.024\u20130.91), and 0.05 (95% CI, 0.008\u20130.364), respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An inverse relationship was observed between higher blood vitamin A levels and the prevalence of myopia. Notably, higher blood vitamin A levels were associated with a lower prevalence of high myopia in men and a lower prevalence of myopia in women.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:33:50Z","timestamp":1737743630000},"page":"e0316438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The relationship between vitamin A and myopia: A population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yeo Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7338-965X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donghyun","family":"Jee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0316438.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316438.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.08.010","article-title":"Epidemiology and disease burden of pathologic myopia and myopic choroidal neovascularization: an evidence-based systematic review","volume":"157","author":"TY Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"American journal of ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316438.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M89","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25965","article-title":"IMI\u2013myopia genetics report","volume":"60","author":"MS Tedja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"key":"pone.0316438.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","article-title":"Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia","volume":"114","author":"AN French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0316438.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814538666","article-title":"Role of the dopaminergic system in the development of myopia in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"M Nebbioso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0316438.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007","article-title":"An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia","volume":"114","author":"M Feldkaemper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0316438.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0140419","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140419","article-title":"The association between near work activities and myopia in children\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"H-M Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0316438.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5466","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12478","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for myopia in a rural Korean population","volume":"54","author":"JH Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0316438.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.017","article-title":"Myopia and level of education: results from the Gutenberg Health Study","volume":"121","author":"A Mirshahi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316438.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.086","article-title":"Outdoor activity and myopia among primary students in rural and urban regions of Beijing","volume":"120","author":"Y Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316438.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0813","article-title":"Choroidal retinoic acid synthesis: a possible mediator between refractive error and compensatory eye growth","volume":"70","author":"JR MERTZ","year":"2000","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316438.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031014","article-title":"The role of vitamin A in retinal diseases","volume":"23","author":"J Sajovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316438.ref013","first-page":"82","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency alters the expression of mucin genes by the rat ocular surface epithelium","volume":"41","author":"M Tei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0316438.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7090258","article-title":"Role of vitamin A in the immune system","volume":"7","author":"Z Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of clinical medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0316438.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.6.29","article-title":"Is dietary vitamin A associated with myopia from adolescence to young adulthood?","volume":"9","author":"FJ Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translational Vision Science & Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316438.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02627-0","article-title":"Screening for novel risk factors related to high myopia using machine learning","volume":"22","author":"R Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC ophthalmology"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0316438.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18991","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.725523","article-title":"Identification of apolipoprotein AI as a retinoic acid-binding protein in the eye","volume":"291","author":"JA Summers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0316438.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.065938","article-title":"Retinoic acid signalling during development","volume":"139","author":"M Rhinn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"pone.0316438.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.03.008","article-title":"The choroid as a sclera growth regulator","volume":"114","author":"JA Summers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0316438.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90027-7","article-title":"Developmental aspects of experimental myopia in chicks: susceptibility, recovery and relation to emmetropization","volume":"27","author":"J Wallman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vision research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0316438.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0956","article-title":"In a matter of minutes, the eye can know which way to grow","volume":"46","author":"X Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"key":"pone.0316438.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.84586","article-title":"Retinoic acid in ocular growth regulation","author":"JA Summers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitamin A"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0316438.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00242-E","article-title":"The relationship of choroidal blood flow and accommodation to the control of ocular growth","volume":"35","author":"A Reiner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316438.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2021.100033","article-title":"Distribution of choroidal thickness and choroidal vessel dilation in healthy Japanese individuals: the nagahama study","volume":"1","author":"Y Mori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Science"},{"key":"pone.0316438.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.08.002","article-title":"Estrogen regulates the expression of retinoic acid synthesis enzymes and binding proteins in mouse skin","volume":"94","author":"HB Everts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0316438.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2002.2054","article-title":"Down-regulation of androgen receptor expression and inhibition of lacrimal gland cell proliferation by retinoic acid","volume":"75","author":"JL Ubels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316438.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.05.002","article-title":"Acute effects of dietary retinoic acid on ocular components in the growing chick","volume":"83","author":"SA McFadden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316438.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0762","article-title":"Visually induced changes in components of the retinoic acid system in fundal layers of the chick","volume":"70","author":"M Bitzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0316438.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099435","article-title":"Effects of diet and strain on mouse serum and tissue retinoid concentrations","volume":"9","author":"KM Obrochta","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0316438.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","article-title":"Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure","volume":"42","author":"AV Chobanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"hypertension"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316438","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:34:06Z","timestamp":1737743646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316438"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Mart\u00ednez P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316438","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}}}