{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1791990468145,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasopharyngeal transmission of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is a prerequisite for the development of pneumococcal diseases. Previous studies have reported a relationship between respiratory viruses and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infections. However, there are few studies on this issue among healthy children. This study aimed to examine the relationships between these agents in healthy children from Southern Brazil. This cohort study included 229 nasopharyngeal samples collected from children aged 18\u201359 months at baseline. <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> was detected using bacterial culture, whereas respiratory viruses were identified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A questionnaire was used at the time of sample collection and medical records were reviewed 14 days after participant inclusion. The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage was 63.7% (146\/229), while respiratory viruses were detected in 49.3% (113\/229) of the children. Respiratory viruses were more frequently found among pneumococcal carriers than among non-carriers (54.4% vs. 39.7%, p = 0.033). Additionally, rhinovirus (hRV) was more frequent among the pneumococcal carriers (39% vs. 21.7%, p = 0.012), and the presence of human bocavirus (hBOV) alone was associated with the absence of pneumococcal carriage (2.7% vs. 10.8%, p = 0.016). No differences were found in the frequency of pneumococcal carriage, respiratory virus detection, or the co-occurrence of clinical symptoms and diagnosis in the participants 14 days after specimen collection. Our findings revealed a positive relationship between pneumococcal carriage and respiratory virus detection, particularly for hRV. However, we did not observe a relationship between nasopharyngeal respiratory viruses and pneumococci detection during medical appointments, respiratory symptoms, or diseases. This study was one of the first investigations in Latin America to explore the relationship between respiratory viruses and pneumococcal carriage in a healthy children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T19:24:19Z","timestamp":1735845859000},"page":"e0316444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among Brazilian children: Interplay with viral co-infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-5517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kauana","family":"Pizzutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Comerlato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele Vargas de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Robaina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Preussler","family":"Mott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Uriel Pedrotti","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Fetzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Rosa da","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel Primon de","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9470-5137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaqueline","family":"Verardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neide Maria","family":"Bruscato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Carlos Batista","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Rigo Dalla","family":"Corte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio Hideyuki","family":"Moriguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlademir Vicente","family":"Cantarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00edcero Arm\u00eddio Gomes","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0316444.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1086\/521626","article-title":"incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998\u20132004","volume":"196","author":"LA Hicks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0316444.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1086\/648593","article-title":"Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine","volume":"201","author":"T Pilishvili","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0316444.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.06.042","article-title":"Impact of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) on childhood pneumonia hospitalizations in Brazil two years after introduction","volume":"32","author":"MC Scotta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0316444.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.12.038","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal disease among hospitalized children in Brazil before and after the introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"38","author":"EN Berezin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0316444.ref005","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), pneumococcus. 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