{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:24:35Z","timestamp":1792722275308,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From February 2022 to April 2023, a cross-sectional study on dog gastrointestinal parasites was conducted in Bishoftu, Dukem, Addis Ababa, and Sheno, Central Ethiopia, with the aim of estimating the prevalence and evaluating risk factors. A total of 701 faecal samples were collected and processed using floatation and McMaster techniques. In dogs that were investigated, the overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 53.1% (372\/701). Nematode (28.2%), cestode (8.4%), and protozoan (5.6%) parasite infections were detected in dogs in both single (42.2%) and combined (10.8%) infections. With respective prevalences of 16%, 9.8%, 5%, 3.9%, and 3.1% <jats:italic>Ancylostoma<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Toxocara canis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Dipylidium caninum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>Taenia\/Echinococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. were the most common parasites. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in female dogs (73.8%, OR = 0.4), adult dogs (55.3%, OR = 0.4), dogs that were given raw food (57.9%, OR = 2.7), and dogs kept free outdoor (60.9%, OR = 2.4). The incidence of gastrointestinal parasites was also higher in dogs with diarrheal faecal consistency (89.1%, OR = 9.1) and dogs from highland areas (62.1%, OR = 1.8). In contrast, statistically significant variation in the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was not recorded among dogs of different breeds. The current study found that dogs in the studied locations had a high overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites. In conclusion, gastrointestinal parasites in dogs have the potential to pose a serious threat to public health, so addressing this issue requires a unified approach. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct detailed epidemiological and genetic research on dog parasites in vast study regions across various agro-ecologies zones and seasons in Ethiopia. Additionally, it is crucial to raise public awareness of the prevalence, effects on public health, and financial implications of dog gastrointestinal parasites in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T18:36:47Z","timestamp":1736879807000},"page":"e0316539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs in four districts of central Ethiopia: Prevalence and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kibruyesfa","family":"Bayou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Terefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4737-3106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bersissa","family":"Kumsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0316539.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.02.013","article-title":"Domesticated animals and human infectious diseases of zoonotic origins: domestication time matters","volume":"24","author":"S Morand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.10.011","article-title":"Canine gastrointestinal parasitic zoonoses in India","volume":"21","author":"RJ Traub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-009-0005-7","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites in shelter dogs and cats in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain).","volume":"54","author":"M Gracenea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0316539.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.275-280","article-title":"Prevalence of zoonotic and other gastrointestinal parasites in police and house dogs in Alexandria, Egypt.","volume":"7","author":"W Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary World."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316539.ref005","first-page":"173","article-title":"Parasitic contamination by dog feces collected from the streets of San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.","volume":"39","author":"I Mart\u00ednez-Barbabosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinaria M\u00e9xico."},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"pone.0316539.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.10.015","article-title":"National study of the gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and cats in Australia","volume":"151","author":"CS Palmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinary parasitology"},{"issue":"5A","key":"pone.0316539.ref007","first-page":"16","article-title":"Pet ownership by immunocompromised people","volume":"24","author":"M. Lappin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Awareness of zoonotic diseases and parasite control practices: a survey of dog and cat owners in Qatar.","volume":"11","author":"AM Alho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.58-65","article-title":"Zoonotic intestinal parasites of carnivores: A systematic review in Iran.","volume":"11","author":"S Sarvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary world."},{"issue":"08","key":"pone.0316539.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.9865","article-title":"Prevalence of zoonotic helminths in Italian house dogs","volume":"12","author":"F La Torre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of infection in developing countries"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316539.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612015077","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic dogs in Tabasco, southeastern Mexico.","volume":"24","author":"OM Torres-Chable","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316539.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.372-376","article-title":"The detection of gastrointestinal parasites in owned and shelter dogs in Cebu, Philippines.","volume":"12","author":"MFM Urgel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316539.ref013","first-page":"17","article-title":"Prevalence of helminth parasites of dogs and owners awareness about zoonotic parasites in Ambo town, central Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"E Zewdu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316539.ref014","first-page":"138","article-title":"Zoonotic helminth parasites in faecal samples of household dogs in Jimma Town, Ethiopia.","volume":"3","author":"H Degefu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02699-4","article-title":"Demography and determinants of dog and cat ownership in three towns of West Shoa zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.","volume":"16","author":"EZ Gebremedhin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref016","first-page":"47","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Pet Contact Associated Zoonosis in Western Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Y Tamiru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Med (Auckl)."},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"pone.0316539.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00134-X","article-title":"The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zoonoses","volume":"30","author":"ID Robertson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0316539.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00575-1","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from Sao Paulo State, Brazil.","volume":"103","author":"TC Oliveira-Sequeira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0316539.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2013.388-392","article-title":"Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of pet and stray dogs as a potential risk for human health in Bahir Dar town, north-western Ethiopia.","volume":"6","author":"T Abere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary World."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0316539.ref020","first-page":"595","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes among dogs in Bahir Dar town, Ethiopia.","volume":"19","author":"Z Getahun","year":"2012","journal-title":"World applied sciences journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316539.ref021","first-page":"432","article-title":"Gastrointestinal helminthes in dogs and community perception on parasite zoonosis at Hawassa city, Ethiopia.","volume":"11","author":"K Asmare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Vet"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0316539.ref022","first-page":"550","article-title":"Prevalence of dog gastrointestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog owners in Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia.","volume":"3","author":"O Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v24i1.7","article-title":"Zoonotic helminth parasites of dog in Bishoftu Town, central Ethiopia: prevalence, dog owners\u2019 knowledge and control practice","volume":"24","author":"M Tadesse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethiopian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref024","first-page":"6155741","article-title":"Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths of Dogs and Associated Factors in Hawassa City of Sidama Region","volume":"2023","author":"T Dubie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"pone.0316539.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.06.004","article-title":"Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses","volume":"35","author":"CN Macpherson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref026","article-title":"Studies on management practices and constraints of back yard chicken production in selected rural areas of Bishoftu","volume":"12","author":"H Weyuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology S"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref027","volume-title":"The state of subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia: Sources of output growth and agricultural inefficiency","author":"F. Bachewe","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316539.ref028","first-page":"312","article-title":"Estimation of Owned and Street Dog Population by Quesionniresurveyand Mark-Recapture Method in Three Urban Areas Bishoftu, Dukem and Modjo Towns.","volume":"3","author":"D Tegegne","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Heal Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s44243-024-00043-0","article-title":"Rethinking urban spatial planning and industrial development approaches in Ethiopia: bridging gaps for better outcomes","volume":"2","author":"M. Tanku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers of Urban and Rural Planning"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref030","author":"A Tegegne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Market-oriented urban and peri-urban dairy systems"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref031","author":"AA Abraham Ali","year":"2010","journal-title":"Overview of rabies in and around Addis Ababa, in animals examined in EHNRI Zoonoses Laboratory between, 2003 and 2009."},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref032","volume-title":"Ethiopia demographic and health survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, USA","author":"I. CSA","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref033","volume-title":"Blackwell Sci","author":"M. Thrusfield","year":"2005","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref034","first-page":"57","article-title":"Two transferases and four electrolytes in normal one-humped camel serum.","volume":"1","author":"A Sarwar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Camel Sci"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref035","article-title":"Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals.","author":"E Soulsby","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bailliere Tindall"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316539.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2007.26652","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats under veterinary care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.","volume":"44","author":"G Lorenzini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref037","article-title":"Laboratory procedures for veterinary technicians.","author":"CM Hendrix","year":"2002","journal-title":"(No Title)."},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref038","volume-title":"Veterinary Clinical Parasitology 8th edition, American Association of veterinary parasitologists.","author":"A Zajac","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(78)90013-4","volume-title":"Manual of veterinary parasitological laboratory techniques: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, Technical Bulletin No. 18, 1977, iii+ 129 pp., 16 figs., XI plates, 9 tables, Price\u00a3 3.50","author":"K. Friedhoff","year":"1978"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref040","article-title":"Veterinary parasitology third edition Wiley","author":"M Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blackwell publishing company"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316539.ref041","first-page":"26","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in dog feces in Puebla City, Mexico.","volume":"8","author":"A Contreras-Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9956256","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9956256","article-title":"Canine Gastrointestinal Nematodiases and Associated Risk Factors in Kigali City, Rwanda.","volume":"2021","author":"P Ntampaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100119","DOI":"10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm100119","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in pet dogs and factors determining it, in urban area","volume":"41","author":"L Loyola-Suarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref044","first-page":"100775","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs from four locations in Morocco.","volume":"34","author":"H Idrissi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijbmr.20190701.14","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in dogs and humans, environmental egg contamination and risk of human infection with zoonotic helminth parasites from dog in Hosanna town.","volume":"7","author":"Y Mulugeta","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref046","author":"T Amapu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Associated with Exotic Dogs in Commercial Breeding Mills in Jos Metropolis-Nigeria"},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref047","author":"TM Tolera Merga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of dogs and associated risk factors in Adama Town, Central Ethiopia."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0316539.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.039","article-title":"Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs from different living conditions in Uberl\u00e2ndia, Brazil.","volume":"144","author":"M Mundim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"issue":"8\u201010","key":"pone.0316539.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01163.x","article-title":"Prevalence of dog intestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog owners in Sao Paulo State, Brazil.","volume":"55","author":"S Katagiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zoonoses and public health."},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref050","author":"DP Dagmawi Paulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"SPrevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes among dogs and owners perception about zoonotic dog parasites in Hawassa Town, Ethiopia."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0316539.ref051","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Cestodes of dogs and cats in North America","volume":"39","author":"G. Conboy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice."},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref052","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs from the health service in Tulancingo, Hidalgo.","volume":"9","author":"J Olave-Leyva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abanico veterinario."},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref053","author":"LE JP","journal-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in dogs from Havana, Cuba: risk of zoonotic infections to humans."},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref054","first-page":"100552","article-title":"Intestinal parasites and risk factors in dogs and cats from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"24","author":"IF Arruda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05368-7","article-title":"Prevalence of major digestive and respiratory helminths in dogs and cats in France: results of a multicenter study.","volume":"15","author":"G Bourgoin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316539.ref056","first-page":"171","article-title":"Food, nutrition and health status of the pet animals in Dhaka and Chattogram city of Bangladesh.","volume":"8","author":"P Bhowmik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316539.ref057","article-title":"Feeding habits of house and feral cats (Felis catus) on small Adriatic islands (Croatia).","volume":"12","author":"J Lanszki","year":"2016","journal-title":"North-Western Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316539.ref058","first-page":"29","article-title":"Study on gastro-intestinal helminth parasites of dogs in Mekelle City Tigray Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"G Gugsa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0316539.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8070108","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in shelter dogs: occurrence, pathology, treatment and risk to shelter workers.","volume":"8","author":"A Raza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(85)90104-3","article-title":"Prenatal and lactational transmission of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum: experimental infection of the bitch before pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"TM Burke","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316539.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003","article-title":"Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects","volume":"16","author":"D. Despommier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews."},{"key":"pone.0316539.ref062","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Veterinary Parasitology. University of Glasgow","author":"G Urquhart","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316539.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05243-5","article-title":"Dipylidium caninum in the twenty-first century: epidemiological studies and reported cases in companion animals and humans.","volume":"15","author":"J Rousseau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0316539.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01607-6","article-title":"Enteric parasitic zoonoses of domesticated dogs and cats","volume":"4","author":"ID Robertson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes and infection"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0316539.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14091003","article-title":"Variations in the Rate of Infestations of Dogs with Zoonotic Nematodes and the Contamination of Soil in Different Environments.","volume":"14","author":"MB Studzinska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316539.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v50i4.2","article-title":"Prevalence of potentially zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites in canine faeces in Ibadan, Nigeria.","volume":"50","author":"AB Ayinmode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316539.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.035","article-title":"Veterinary and public health aspects of Toxocara spp","volume":"193","author":"PA Overgaauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary parasitology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T18:37:13Z","timestamp":1736879833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316539"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bekir","family":"Oguz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]}}}