{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:42:48Z","timestamp":1790379768790,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007049","name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PEA0213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEA0213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00301974"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00301974"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1C1C1003385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1C1C1003385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Banded iron formations (BIFs), significant iron ore deposits formed approximately 2.3 billion years ago under low-oxygen conditions, have recently gained attention as potential geological sources for evaluating hydrogen (H\u2082) production. BIFs are characterized by high concentrations of iron oxide (20 to 40 wt.%) and low Fe<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u207a\/Fe<jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub> ratios, representing a major source of ferrous iron on Earth. This study investigates the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of iron ore samples from the Wugang and Hengyang BIFs in China using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy to examine H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> generation potential. XRD analysis and microscopic observations showed that the magnetite and hematite are the primary ore minerals in BIFs in China Craton. M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopic results provided the quantified information on the fractions of each iron species in varying minerals. Particularly, the Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> tetrahedral sites and octahedral sites occupied by both Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> in magnetite and Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup> octahedral sites in hematite were determined. We estimated H\u2082 production potential by calculating the relative fraction of Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in magnetite relative to total number of iron atoms in the bulk samples from the M\u00f6ssbauer results. The pyroxene-bearing BIF in Wugang (P-BIF) contains magnetite predominantly (~30.4 wt%), and the fraction of Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in magnetite is ~26%. Based on the quantified values, the maximum potential for H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> generation from P-BIF in Wugang could be ~630 mmol H\u2082\/kg rock. Due to the variation of mineralogical composition depending on the types and locations of occurrence of BIF, the H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> generation potential also varies. For example, contrast to P-BIF in Wugang, the hematite-rich BIF from Hengyang, containing ~6.0 wt% of magnetite, showed significantly lower Fe<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> fraction in magnetite (~5%), resulting in low H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> potential (~120 mmol H\u2082\/kg rock). This study presents that a prevalence of magnetite in BIFs has considerable potential for H\u2082 production due to low Fe<jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\/Fe<jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>, suggesting that the magnetite-rich iron ore can be effectively utilized as the source of stimulated hydrogen production. The current results also highlight that the M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy is essential to provide the database of relative fractions for each iron species in BIFs, which allows us to estimate the quantity of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> released from BIFs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:53:33Z","timestamp":1737744813000},"page":"e0316540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization and quantification of iron species in the banded iron formations (BIFs) in China Craton to explore the potential for H2 production using XRD and M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5667-0060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyo-Im","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8850-3785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Inkyeong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minkyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunkyung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Rang","family":"Uhm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonguk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonnyon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0316540.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.09.044","article-title":"A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes","volume":"67","author":"P Nikolaidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"pone.0316540.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith N, Shepherd T, Styles M, Williams G, editors. 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