{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:44:58Z","timestamp":1784889898820,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020593","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Beijing University of Chemical Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dengue continues to be a major public health concern in Malaysia, as evidenced by the significant surge in cumulative dengue case numbers and deaths in 2023 compared to the previous year. While previous studies have explored the interplay of abiotic and biotic factors of mosquito density and dengue cases on a local scale in Malaysia, there is a notable gap in the research focusing on adult <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquito populations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by investigating the association and time lags (TLs) between daily microclimate (DM), mosquito indices (MIs), and dengue cases at the residence level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this longitudinal study, field data were collected over 26 weeks using data loggers, gravid oviposit sticky (GOS) traps, and non-structural 1 (NS1) test kits in both non-dengue hotspot (NDH) and dengue hotspots (DH). The collected data encompassed DM variables, vegetation cover (VC), MIs, and number of dengue cases. An autocorrelation analysis was conducted to determine the TLs between MIs and their preceding values, while a cross-correlation analysis revealed the TLs between MIs and DM variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study indicated there are positive correlations between the adult index (AI) of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic>, their preceding values and rainfall at an NDH. Conversely, the AIs of total <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> at the DH exhibited positive correlations with their preceding values, temperature, rainfall, and maximum relative humidity (RH), but negative correlations with the mean and maximum RH. The dengue-positive trap index (DPTI) of total <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> at DHs demonstrated positive associations with their preceding values, mean temperature, minimum temperature, maximum RH, and rainfall, with negative correlations observed for the maximum temperature, mean RH, and minimum RH. Similar trends were identified for the <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>albopictus<\/jats:italic> at DHs. The association between dengue cases, DM, and MIs was inconclusive due to underreported cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study highlighted the DM and TLs of dengue virus-infected and non-infected adult female <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes using onsite data collection. Furthermore, this study presents a replicable methodology that can be adopted by researchers worldwide for investigating the dynamics of dengue transmission in similar settings. The findings offer valuable insights for decision-makers, providing them with evidence-based information to implement targeted interventions and strategies aimed at controlling <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquito populations and mitigating the spread of dengue virus infections.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T18:32:30Z","timestamp":1738607550000},"page":"e0316564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Temporal associations between microclimate, adult Aedes mosquito indices, and dengue cases at the residence level in Malaysia: Implications for targeted interventions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9141-074X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nur Athen","family":"Mohd Hardy Abdullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9882-3501","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nazri Che","family":"Dom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2812-1897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siti Aekball","family":"Salleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3915-0340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rahmat","family":"Dapari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0316564.ref001","volume-title":"Dengue and severe dengue [Internet]","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316564.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention and dengue seroprevalence in a dengue hotspot in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"S Selvarajoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0316564.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105834","article-title":"The impact of sociological and environmental factors for dengue infection in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","volume":"216","author":"RA Adnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0316564.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-853","article-title":"Analyzing the spatio-temporal relationship between dengue vector larval density and land-use using factor analysis and spatial ring mapping","volume":"12","author":"MS Sarfraz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316564.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030114","article-title":"Vertical infestation profile of Aedes in selected urban high-rise residences in Malaysia","volume":"5","author":"N Ab Hamid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316564.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.21315\/tlsr2018.29.1.14","article-title":"Co-breeding association of Aedes albopictus (skuse) and Aedes aegypti (linnaeus) (diptera: culicidae) in relation to location and container size.","volume":"29","author":"NA Hashim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Life Sci Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316564.ref007","first-page":"308","article-title":"Updated abundance and distribution of Aedes albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) in Penang Island, Malaysia","volume":"35","author":"J Rahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"pone.0316564.ref008","first-page":"7","article-title":"Contribution of public places in proliferation of dengue vectors in Penang Island, Malaysia","author":"HM Alhaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"pone.0316564.ref009","first-page":"e30919","article-title":"Changing domesticity of Aedes aegypti in Northern Peninsular Malaysia: reproductive consequences and potential epidemiological implications","volume":"72","author":"RGM Saifur","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0316564.ref010","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Malaysia. 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