{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T20:40:28Z","timestamp":1737146428878,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaiser San Jose Adult Psychiatry Residency Program Graduate Medical Education, Kaiser San Jose Adult Psychiatry Department","award":["n\/a (partial funding)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a (partial funding)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented challenges for social connectivity and mental health, especially during mandated shelter-in-place periods. For patients engaged in mental health treatment, the social impact of their shelter-in-place experience remains an area of active investigation. This is particularly relevant in the context of social prescribing, a growing area of clinical intervention where healthcare providers actively refer patients to local social resources or activities to enhance mental health and wellbeing. Here, we investigated patient perspectives on their social supports during shelter-in-place, with an eye toward informing future social prescribing and counseling steps that mental health clinicians can take to foster social resiliency of patients. We conducted semi-structured phone interviews with 12 participants receiving mental health treatment at Kaiser Permanente San Jose Adult Psychiatry clinics. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes. The sample consisted of 8 female and 4 male participants between the ages of 21 to 44, who received services including outpatient medication management, outpatient therapy, and\/or outpatient group therapy. Analysis revealed two thematic categories that participants identified: (A) Specific ways that shelter-in-place impacted their social experience and (B) specific types of social relationships that participants felt were important to their mental health and wellbeing. In the first category, thematic factors that affected the social experience included (1) COVID-19-related health concerns, (2) participants\u2019 baseline socialization patterns (degree of introversion\/extroversion) and (3) the use of online and social media communication channels. For the second category of themes, specific functions of social relationships identified included those centered around (a) instrumental support, (b) emotional support, (c) community connection. Many relationships served more than one function during shelter-in-place, and many participants cited perceived community connection as a particularly important element in their mental health recovery. These themes highlight key contributors to the social experience of the shelter-in-place period for individuals in mental health recovery and inform future ways that clinicians can structure social prescribing practices to better assist the needs of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T20:02:57Z","timestamp":1737144177000},"page":"e0316582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of shelter-in-place during the COVID-19 pandemic on social support for mental health recovery: A prescribing-oriented qualitative study of patient perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0510-7494","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"H.","family":"Hsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0316582.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113419","article-title":"Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of stay-at-home policies, social distancing behavior, and social resources","volume":"293","author":"B. Marroqu\u00edn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316582.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.17","article-title":"Social isolation, mental health, and use of digital interventions in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationally representative survey","volume":"64","author":"C. Rauschenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113452","article-title":"The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"293","author":"I. Grey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316582.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12308","article-title":"COVID-19 distress and worries: The role of attitudes, social support, and positive coping during social isolation","volume":"94","author":"K. A. Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology and Psychotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0316582.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01332-9","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"50","author":"N. R. Magson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00078-0","article-title":"Social support and depression during a global crisis.","volume":"1","author":"K.W. Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Mental Health"},{"issue":"03","key":"pone.0316582.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2022.13.3.0229","article-title":"Changes in college student health due to COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): An approach in light of the emotional dimension","volume":"13","author":"X. Cortijo-Palacios","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref008","first-page":"e22251","article-title":"Socio-emotional processes of UNAM nursing students in Covid-19 contexts","volume":"31","author":"V.R. Rojas-Lozano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Convergencia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316582.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30384-9","article-title":"How leisure activities affect health: a narrative review and multi-level theoretical framework of mechanisms of action","volume":"8","author":"D. Fancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0316582.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2027491","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27491","article-title":"Association of social support during adolescence with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in young adults","volume":"3","author":"S. Scardera","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316582.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e233978","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.3978","article-title":"Perception of social support and cognitive performance in older adults with depression","volume":"6","author":"R. Doreste-Mendez","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref012","article-title":"Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0316582.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.0788","article-title":"Promoting Social Prescribing in Psychiatry\u2014Using Shared Decision-Making and Peer Support","volume":"80","author":"Y Zisman-Ilani","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316582.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-15-00414.1","article-title":"Choosing a Qualitative Research Approach.(","volume":"7","author":"A Teherani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref015","article-title":"As California fully reopens, Governor Newsom announces plans to lift pandemic executive orders","author":"State of California","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316582.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0283962","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283962","article-title":"The impact of physical environments on outpatient mental health recovery: A design-oriented qualitative study of patient perspectives","volume":"18","author":"TY Sui","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0316582.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388","article-title":"Standards for reporting qualitative research","volume":"89","author":"BC O\u2019Brien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Academic Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dialog.2022.100087","article-title":"In the midst of a pandemic, more introverted individuals may have a mortality advantage","volume":"2","author":"D. A. Glei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dialogues in Health"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(01)00093-9","article-title":"Extraversion, social support processes, and stress","volume":"32","author":"R. J. Swickert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012134645-4\/50030-5","volume-title":"Handbook of personality psychology","author":"D. Watson","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752004","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.752004","article-title":"Social Media Use and Its Associations With Mental Health 9 Months After the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-National Study.","volume":"9","author":"H. Thygesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316582.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/0034355217730395","article-title":"Recovery Capital and Quality of Life in Stable Recovery From Addiction.","volume":"62","author":"D. O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin,"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316582.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294120939844","article-title":"Relationship Between Gender, Stress, and Quality of Social Support","volume":"124","author":"M. Kneavel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"pone.0316582.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2020.1868184","article-title":"Disproportionate Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Perceived Social Support, Mental Health and Somatic Symptoms in Sexual and Gender Minority Populations","volume":"68","author":"Kelly L. Wierenga Scott Emory Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316582","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T20:03:06Z","timestamp":1737144186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316582"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Roberto Ariel","family":"Abelda\u00f1o Zu\u00f1iga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316582","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}