{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T18:50:04Z","timestamp":1778007004777,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007743","name":"European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovationsfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006388","name":"H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Gen\u00e8ve","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002702","name":"Aalborg Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002702","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012690","name":"Nestl\u00e9 Nutrition Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017530","name":"Fresenius Kabi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec040\">\n<jats:title>\nBackground\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) can experience significant fluctuations in blood glucose levels, even if they do not have a history of diabetes. Such variations may arise from multiple causes and are part of the adaptative stress-response to critical illness. To support their nutritional needs, these patients might also need parenteral feeding. Glucose and metabolic fluctuations can lead to serious consequences, including increased infection rates, loss in protein and muscle mass and increased morbi-mortality. This justifies precise and constant monitoring. The management of insulin therapy and nutritional therapy strongly impacts the outcomes of critically ill patients. Glucosafe 2 (GS2) is an innovative medical device designed to address these needs. It offers real-time recommendations to healthcare professionals regarding blood glucose control and nutritional inputs among ICU patients. The goal is to ensure that blood glucose levels remain within the desired range of targeted values, and consequently to minimize the risk of both hypo- and hyperglycemia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec041\">\n<jats:title>\nMethod and design\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study is an unblinded randomized controlled study with: (1) the intervention group, which uses the GS2 device for nutritional therapy and blood glucose advice until discharge from the ICU or up until 15 days after study enrolment; (2) the control group, which uses standard care according to local ICU protocols. We also collected data of a third historical control group using retrospective data from a sample of ICU patients exposed to the standard of care 2 years before the start of the prospective trial; it aims first to validate the predictive accuracy of the GS2 model before the start of the prospective parts and to interpret the existence of possible bias by assessing the potential cross-contamination effects between intervention and control group, due to the fact that caregivers can take more care of patients in the control group, which will dilute the effect of GS2. We planned to enrol 71 patients per group (total =\u2009 213 patients). The primary objective is to compare the time spent within a predetermined range of glycemia (5.0 \u2013 8.5 mmol\/l) between the intervention group (GS2) and the control group (standard local ICU protocols).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec042\">\n<jats:title>\nDiscussion\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the performance and safety of the GS2 medical device software to monitor and guide blood glucose management and nutritional therapy in critically ill patients in comparison to current standard of care. If proven successful, GS2 could be used to optimize nutritional and blood glucose management. The clinical data gathered from this study will also contribute to the Clinical Evaluation Report (CER), a regulatory document that provides an assessment of the clinical safety and performance of a medical device throughout its intended lifecycle. GS2 has the potential to optimize the quality of nutritional and blood glucose management and improve compliance with international guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec043\">\n<jats:title>\nTrial registration\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03890432, Registered on 26 March 2019<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T18:26:17Z","timestamp":1741112777000},"page":"e0316624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Glucosafe 2\u2014A new tool for nutritional management and insulin-therapy in the intensive care unit: Randomized controlled study (the Glucosafe 2 protocol)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3078-5227","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aude","family":"de 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