{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:50:44Z","timestamp":1779126644276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) contain three subscales measuring depression, anxiety, and stress. Several abbreviated DASS-21 versions have been developed, demonstrating better clinical utility and measurement properties than the original instrument. This study explored the factor structure of various abbreviated DASS-21 versions and identified\/validated the optimal one for assessing young adults with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 974 university-attending young adults were recruited in two waves (wave 1: 519; wave 2: 455). Demographic information, the DASS-21, and quintessence five TMD symptoms (5Ts) of the Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs were collected. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to condense the DASS-21 (wave 1 data), while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine maximum likelihood estimates and compare different abbreviated DASS-21 versions (wave 2 data). Known-group, concurrent (criterion) validity and reliability were subsequently evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean age of the study participants was 21 (SD = 0.1) years and 80.4% were women. Twelve DASS-21 items were identified from the PCA. However, the Korean DASS-12 provided the best-fit model (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/df = 2.07, CFI = 0.975, TLI = 0.960, RMSEA = 0.049, SRMR = 0.033) among the seven abbreviated versions in the CFA. The Korean DASS-12 showed good known-group and concurrent (r<jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub> = 0.959) validity and reliability when contrasted to the DASS-21.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Korean DASS-12 possessed a good fit, known-group, as well as concurrent (criterion) validity and reliability, and was the best abbreviated DASS-21 version for screening young adults with TMD symptoms for psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T18:27:51Z","timestamp":1738002471000},"page":"e0316703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales-21: Principal component analysis and evaluation of abbreviated versions in young adults with temporomandibular disorders"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yinghao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian Ujin","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Marpaung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7899-1460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"May Chun Mei","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0316703.ref001","volume-title":"Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales","author":"SH Lovibond","year":"1995","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0316703.ref002","volume-title":"APA Dictionary of Psychology","author":"GR 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