{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:43Z","timestamp":1787022163401,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nanning Scientific Research and Technological Development Plans Project","award":["20233067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20233067"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62205350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Significance:<\/jats:bold>\n Globally, infertility affects 10\u201315% of couples, with Fallopian Tube Obstruction (FTO) being a principal cause. Current therapeutic options are inadequate, prompting a demand for effective, less invasive treatments with lower recurrence.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of employing laser-induced cavitation bubbles (LICB) technology for the treatment of FTO and to experimentally ascertain the optimal laser parameters for this approach.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Method:<\/jats:bold>\n Utilizing an Er:YAG pulsed laser (2.94\u2009\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n m, 200\u2009\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n s pulse width, 10\u2009Hz), laser energy was transmitted through a 450\u2009\n \n \n \n \n \n \u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n m sapphire fiber. The study involved 13 rats categorized into control, model, and experimental groups. The laser, with energies of 8.3\u2009mJ, 12.7\u2009mJ, and 15.3\u2009mJ, was applied through the sapphire fibers. The assessment criteria incorporated Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining of the fallopian tubes across all groups, evaluating tubal patency and wall damage to ascertain the most effective laser parameters.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n In this experiment, the cumulative recanalization success rate in rat models of FTO treated with LICB was observed to be 75%. Specifically, a recanalization rate of 33.3% was achieved with the application of 8\u2009mJ laser energy. The use of 12.7\u2009mJ laser energy resulted in an increased success rate of 85.7%. However, while the application of 15.3\u2009mJ laser energy achieved a 100% recanalization rate, it was accompanied by the formation of hemorrhagic spots on the fallopian tube walls, indicating thermal damage due to the higher energy levels. Optimal treatment parameters were identified as 12.7\u2009mJ laser energy, 10\u2009Hz frequency, and 10-second application.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n This research suggests that LICB technology can effectively clear fallopian tube obstructions while causing acceptable levels of damage. This indicates its potential as a valuable treatment method worthy of further research for facilitating tubal recanalization.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T13:24:27Z","timestamp":1748611467000},"page":"e0317022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploratory study on the application of laser-induced cavitation bubble in the treatment of fallopian tube obstruction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5253-1956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weinan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1027-6090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317022.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.003","article-title":"Psychological impact of infertility","volume":"21","author":"TM Cousineau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317022.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2022.00047","article-title":"Fluoroscopically-guided hysteroscopic tubal cannulation: a procedure for proximal tubal obstruction","volume":"26","author":"M Keltz","year":"2022","journal-title":"JSLS"},{"key":"pone.0317022.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-21","article-title":"Management of the infertile couple: an evidence-based protocol","volume":"8","author":"RM Kamel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317022.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-016-0836-8","article-title":"Female infertility, infertility-associated diagnoses, and comorbidities: a review","volume":"34","author":"B Hanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0317022.ref005","article-title":"A review of tubal factors affecting fertility and its management","volume":"14","author":"K Ambildhuke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317022.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2012.09.006","article-title":"Tubal factor infertility: diagnosis and management in the era of assisted reproductive technology","volume":"39","author":"EC Dun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317022.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200402000-00010","article-title":"Tubal factor infertility, with special regard to chlamydial salpingitis","volume":"17","author":"P-A M\u00e5rdh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317022.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of infertility: a review","volume":"326","author":"SA Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0317022.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133750","article-title":"Are the stage and the incidental finding of endometriosis associated with fallopian tube occlusion? 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