{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:30:14Z","timestamp":1772821814775,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Naresuan University and National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF), Thailand","award":["R2566B046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2566B046"]}]},{"name":"Global and Frontier Research University Fund, Naresuan University","award":["R2567C003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2567C003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bithyniids are freshwater snails that play a crucial role in the transmission of various parasitic trematodes of medical and veterinary importance. In this study, we explored the prevalence of cercarial trematode infections in bithyniid snails from Thailand and examined the species diversity of both the intermediate snail hosts and parasite larvae. A total of 688 bithyniid snails were collected from diverse natural habitats at 24 locations in 16 provinces across 5 regions of Thailand. The presence of larval trematode infections was examined using the cercarial shedding method. Both the collected snails and the emerging cercariae were identified at the species level using a combination of morphological and molecular techniques. The mitochondrial COI and 16S rDNA sequences of bithyniid snails, along with the ITS2 sequences of cercariae, were obtained via PCR amplification and sequencing. Three species of bithyniid snails were identified in this study: <jats:italic>Bithynia funiculata<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bithynia siamensis siamensi<\/jats:italic>s, and <jats:italic>Hydrobioides nassa<\/jats:italic>. Among these species, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>siamensis<\/jats:italic> exhibited the highest population density, followed by <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funiculata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nassa<\/jats:italic>. The overall rate of cercarial infection in the bithyniid snails was relatively low, at 1.45%. <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nassa<\/jats:italic> snails had the highest infection prevalence, at 11.11%, while <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>siamensis<\/jats:italic> had a prevalence of 1.39%. Only the morphological type of the xiphidiocercariae was detected. BLASTn searches in GenBank and phylogenetic trees based on xiphidiocercariae were used to classify the samples into four different families spanning two superfamilies of digenean trematodes. The genera <jats:italic>Plagiorchis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Prosthogonimus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Paralecithodendrium<\/jats:italic>, and cercaria of Renicolidae are reported for the first time in <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>siamensis<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Plagiorchis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Paralecithodendrium<\/jats:italic> are significant genera of zoonotic trematodes. These findings indicate that <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>siamensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>nassa<\/jats:italic> can act as the first intermediate hosts for various parasitic trematodes in Thailand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T18:29:54Z","timestamp":1738693794000},"page":"e0317052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bithyniid snails (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae) infected with Xiphidiocercariae in Thailand include a new record of Bithynia siamensis siamensis as the intermediate host of Plagiorchis and Paralecithodendrium"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Abdulhakam","family":"Dumidae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiranun","family":"Ardpairin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Supawan","family":"Pansri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanatinat","family":"Homkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayura","family":"Nichitcharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aunchalee","family":"Thanwisai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2483-0100","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Apichat","family":"Vitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0317052.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3897\/evolsyst.6.87670","article-title":"Cercarial dermatitis outbreak caused by ruminant parasite with intermediate snail host: schistosome in Chana, South Thailand.","volume":"6","author":"D Krailas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evol Syst"},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3329\/jbau.v7i1.4969","article-title":"Gastro-intestinal helminths of ducks: Some epidemiologic and pathologic aspects","volume":"7","author":"MA Yousuf","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bangladesh Agr Univ"},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)72011-X","article-title":"Food-Borne Trematodiases in Southeast Asia.","volume":"72","author":"B Sripa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261","article-title":"Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases","volume":"118","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.050614","article-title":"Emerging foodborne trematodiasis","volume":"11","author":"J Keiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)73007-4","article-title":"Towards improved diagnosis of zoonotic trematode infections in Southeast Asia.","author":"MV Johansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)64002-5","article-title":"Human waterborne trematode and protozoan infections.","volume":"64","author":"TK Graczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3897\/evolsyst.7.107847","article-title":"Freshwater pulmonate snails and their potential role as trematode intermediate host in a cercarial dermatitis outbreak in Southern Thailand.","volume":"7","author":"T Wongpim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evol Syst"},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.12816\/0050432","article-title":"Identification of some trematode cercariae collected from six marine snail species belonging to the genus Nerita.","volume":"48","author":"A Hassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref010","first-page":"233","article-title":"Multiple strategies of digenean trematodes to complete their life cycles","volume":"57","author":"K Niewiadomska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiad Parazytol"},{"key":"pone.0317052.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.05.001","article-title":"Taxonomy and biology of liver flukes","volume":"88","author":"S. 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