{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:26:45Z","timestamp":1793132805551,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    With the growing need for sustainable transportation solutions, understanding the relationship between driving characteristic parameters, vehicle type, and their impact on emissions and fuel consumption over real driving scenarios is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, four conventional vehicles and one hybrid vehicle with different technologies were compared in four distinct routes in Tehran city. Nineteen real driving cycles were generated using widely employed K-means and PCA algorithms. The vehicles were simulated on MATLAB\/Simulink according to their specifications. Twelve driving characteristic parameters, fuel consumption, CO, NOx, HC, and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    of vehicles with different powertrains, engines, and body styles were calculated over real and standard driving cycles. Notable findings show that driving characteristic parameters exhibit distinct influences on fuel consumption and emissions, depending on the specific driving conditions and vehicle type. Additionally, the hybrid vehicle achieved 39% and 26% fuel savings compared to gasoline and dual fuel vehicles, respectively. However, it emitted significantly higher levels of CO and HC. In contrast, the turbocharged vehicle increased CO and HC emissions compared to the naturally aspirated vehicle, but consumed less fuel (approximately 6%) and emitted lower amounts of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (approximately 19%). In real driving cycles, the sedan vehicle generally exhibited slightly lower values compared to petrol SUV due to lower weight and drag coefficient.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T14:00:36Z","timestamp":1736776836000},"page":"e0317098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Impact of driving characteristic parameters and vehicle type on fuel consumption and emissions performance over real driving cycles"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Elmira","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2936-7565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masoud Masih","family":"Tehrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8686-8705","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Azadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashkan","family":"Moosavian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0317098.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2017.10.002","article-title":"The role of natural gas and its infrastructure in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, improving regional air quality, and renewable resource integration","volume":"64","author":"MA Mac Kinnon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Progress in Energy and Combustion science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317098.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2918255","article-title":"Intersection fog-based distributed routing for V2V communication in urban vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"21","author":"G Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317098.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.018.2300125","article-title":"Overcoming occlusions: Perception task-oriented information sharing in connected and autonomous vehicles","volume":"37","author":"Z Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"issue":"31","key":"pone.0317098.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.10.100","article-title":"A study on the construction of Hefei urban driving cycle for passenger vehicle.","volume":"51","author":"B Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine."},{"key":"pone.0317098.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.04.005","article-title":"Building Tianjin driving cycle based on linear discriminant analysis.","volume":"53","author":"Z Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317098.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2017.08.1183","article-title":"Effects of using synthesized driving cycles on vehicle fuel consumption.","volume":"50","author":"K Hereijgers","year":"2017","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317098.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.54287\/gujsa.1153313","article-title":"Effects of electric vehicles and charging stations on microgrid power quality","volume":"9","author":"S Adak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation"},{"key":"pone.0317098.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.10.004","article-title":"Real emissions, driving patterns and fuel consumption of in-use diesel buses operating at high altitude.","volume":"77","author":"M Giraldo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation research part D: Transport and environment."},{"key":"pone.0317098.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Safety and economic effects of median guardrails in no-passing zone sections of a two-lane two-way rural highway","volume":"29","author":"SR Mirbagheri","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Civil Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317098.ref010","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Efficiency and safety of traffic networks under the effect of autonomous vehicles","volume":"48","author":"SM Hosseinian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317098.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2020.1871128","article-title":"Combined influence of traffic conditions, driving behavior, and type of road on fuel consumption. 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