{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T23:05:40Z","timestamp":1776207940447,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Saffron (<jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic> L.) has held significant cultural and medicinal value since the Greek-Minoan civilization. As a triploid spice with vegetative propagation from the Iridaceae family, the three-branch style of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sativus<\/jats:italic> flowers, known as saffron, constitutes the most economically valuable part of the plant, renowned for its diverse medicinal properties. This study explores the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> induction of stigma-like structures (SLSs) from various explants of the Ghaen ecotype flower. The study found that the optimal sampling time for the majority of explants was the third week of October. Ovary explants exhibiting a prolonged response to hormonal treatments for the production of SLSs. Furthermore, intact, and injury ovary explants were found to be the most effective explant types for inducing SLSs. The explants were cultured on MS, 1\/2MS, LS and B5 basal media supplemented with various combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators. The results indicated that the B5 medium, enriched with 5\u201310 mg\/ L BAP and 5\u201310 mg\/ L NAA was the most effective treatment for inducing SLSs in all types of explants. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of saffron compounds in SLSs indicated similarities with natural saffron, albeit at significant lower concentrations: crocin (up to 10.2 mg\/g), picrocrocin (up to 4.8 mg\/g), and safranal (up to 9.7 mg\/g). The highest accumulation of the three studied secondary metabolites was observed in the SLSs of style (24.4 mg\/g), stigma (28.3 mg\/g), and ovary (21.4 mg\/g) explants, respectively. This study introduces a comprehensive procedure for producing SLSs containing the three most important metabolites of saffron for the first time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T18:56:11Z","timestamp":1736794571000},"page":"e0317186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Induction of stigma-like structures in saffron (Crocus sativus L.): Exploring factors and metabolite analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Parvaneh","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4115-1932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Moieni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Khayam Nekouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Mardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghasem","family":"Hosseini Salekdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0317186.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817907-9.00010-6","article-title":"Chapter 10-Advances in bioactive compounds from Crocus sativus (saffron): Structure, bioactivity and biotechnology","volume":"66","author":"K Pandey D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"pone.0317186.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105963","article-title":"Saffron, as an adjunct therapy, contributes to relieve depression symptoms: An umbrella meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"V Musazadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317186.ref003","first-page":"55","volume":"28","author":"J Mir","year":"2015","journal-title":"In vitro stigma like structure and stigma development in saffron"},{"key":"pone.0317186.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-7-1","article-title":"An EST database from saffron stigmas","volume":"7","author":"N D\u2019Agostino","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biology"},{"key":"pone.0317186.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02858789","article-title":"Uses of saffron","volume":"37","author":"D Basker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Economic Botany"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0317186.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163317","article-title":"Saffron, Its Active Components and Their Association with DNA and Histone Modification: A Narrative Review of Current Knowledge","volume":"14","author":"M Rashid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0317186.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13051135","article-title":"Hormone and microorganism treatments in the cultivation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). 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