{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:23:06Z","timestamp":1792160586011,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (SPN) is a significant pathogen causing pneumonia and meningitis, particularly in vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. Available pneumonia vaccines have limitations since they only cover particular serotypes and have high production costs. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant SPN strains further underscores the need for a new, cost-effective, broad-spectrum vaccine. Two potential vaccine candidates, CbpA and PspA, were identified, and their B-cell, CTL, and HTL epitopes were predicted and connected with suitable linkers, adjivant and PADRE sequence. The vaccine construct was found to be antigenic, non-toxic, non-allergenic, and soluble. The three-dimensional structure of the vaccine candidate was built and validated. Docking analysis of the vaccine candidate by ClusPro demonstrated robust and stable binding interactions between the MEV and toll-like receptor 4 in both humans and animals. The iMOD server and Amber v.22 tool has verified the stability of the docking complexes. GenScript server confirmed the high efficiency of cloning for the construct and <jats:italic>in-silico<\/jats:italic> cloning into the pET28a (+) vector using SnapGene, demonstrating successful translation of the epitope region. Immunological responses were shown to be enhanced by the C-IMMSIM server. This study introduced a strong peptide vaccine candidate that has the potential to contribute to the development of a rapid and cost-effective solution for combating SPN. However, experimental verification is necessary to evaluate the vaccine\u2019s effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T18:52:01Z","timestamp":1737053521000},"page":"e0317216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Development of a broad-spectrum epitope-based vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6835-986X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md.","family":"Nahian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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