{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:48:47Z","timestamp":1777906127442,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Administrative Department of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Colciencias) of Colombia","award":["110177758491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110177758491"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a severe clinical form of leishmaniasis that is characterized by the destruction of the nasal and\/or the oral mucosae and appears as a late complication in 5% to 10% of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases produced by species belonging to <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Viannia<\/jats:italic>) subgenus. Some strains of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp. carry an RNA virus known as <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> RNA virus (LRV) that may contribute to the appearance of ML.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To examine the role of LRV type 1 (LRV1) as a risk factor associated with ML, a retrospective case-control study involving 103 patients was conducted. Cases were defined as patients with ML (n = 33), and controls corresponded to patients with CL and without mucosal lesions (n = 70). Clinical data were recorded from the patient\u2019s medical records. Cryopreserved biopsies were used to detect LRV1 and identify <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The frequency of LRV1 in the 103 patients was 16.5% (95% CI,10.4\u201325.12) being higher in samples from cases [33.33% (95% CI,18.89\u201351.76) than from controls [8.57% (95% CI, 3.82\u201318.10)]. <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) braziliensis<\/jats:italic> was identified in 63.6% of cases and 55.7% of the controls. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that infection with <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp. carrying LRV1 (OR = 6.30; 95% CI,1.52\u201326.10, p = 0.011) acts as risk factors for ML occurrence, while the completed treatment for the cutaneous event decreases the risk of ML (OR = 0.039; 95% CI, 0.01\u20130.12, p &lt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our data support the association between LRV1 and ML occurrence and emphasize the effect of completed treatment for CL in preventing ML.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:24:01Z","timestamp":1737743041000},"page":"e0317221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mucosal leishmaniasis is associated with the Leishmania RNA virus and inappropriate cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2669-0025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fredy A.","family":"Pazmi\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Parra-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos H.","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Muvdi-Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clemencia","family":"Ovalle-Bracho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-6470","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda C.","family":"Echeverry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0317221.ref001","unstructured":"Organization WH. 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