{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T21:07:08Z","timestamp":1782421628820,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the University-Enterprise Horizontal Cooperation Project","award":["(20220084,20210018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(20220084,20210018)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nAs an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (KP) is prone to causing a spectrum of diseases in rabbits when their immune system is compromised, which poses a threat to rabbit breeding industry. Bacillus coagulans<\/jats:italic> (BC), recognized as an effective probiotic, confers a variety of benefits including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nAim<\/jats:title>\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary BC can effectively alleviate hepatic injury caused by KP.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nIn this study, the rabbits were initially pretreated with varying doses of BC (1\u00d7106<\/jats:sup>, 5\u00d7106<\/jats:sup>, and 1\u00d7107<\/jats:sup> CFU\/g), followed by a challenge with KP at a concentration of 1011<\/jats:sup> CFU\/mL. Liver tissues were harvested and processed for histological assessment using H&E and VG stains to assess structural alterations. Biochemical assays were employed to quantify the enzymatic activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px, as well as the MDA content. Furthermore, ELISA was utilized to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokine (IL-10, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1) and apoptotic-related gene (Bcl-2, Bax).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nMorphological observation indicated that BC can effectively mitigate KP-induced hepatic sinusoidal dilatation and congestion, as well as ameliorate the degree of hepatic fibrosis. Further analysis showed that BC significantly lowered MDA level in KP-treated rabbits, while enhanced the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px. Additionally, ELISA result showed that BC pretreatment significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2 and pro-apoptotic gene Bax, while increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 in KP-treated rabbits.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nAbove data indicate that BC supplementation effectively attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory response induced by KP through augmenting the activities of antioxidant enzymes and diminishing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, it reduced the Bax\/Bcl-2 ratio in the liver, thereby inhibiting KP-induced apoptosis. The treatment group receiving 5x106<\/jats:sup> CFU\/g BC benefitted most from the protective effect.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T20:02:32Z","timestamp":1736539352000},"page":"e0317252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacillus coagulans alleviates hepatic injury caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in 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