{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T05:26:27Z","timestamp":1737782787722,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008486","name":"Schweizerische Multiple Sklerose Gesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008486","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research KAKENHI Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["JP24K10163 and JP22K18378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K10163 and JP22K18378"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) onset is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Vitamin D has been identified as contributing environmental risk factor, with higher prevalence at latitudes further from the equator. Mongolia, at 45\u00b0N, has limited sunlight exposure, increasing the population\u2019s risk for vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To compare vitamin D levels between persons with MS (pwMS) and persons without MS and to identify factors associated with low vitamin D.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We investigated associations with vitamin D levels using data from MS cases and controls from Mongolia. We used linear mixed-effects regression with fixed effects (case status, sociodemographics, and predefined variables) and participant-specific random intercepts.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 62 participants (31 pwMS, 31 controls), pwMS had lower summer [median 23.00 ng\/ml (interquartile range 11.30\u201331.50) vs. 25.00 ng\/ml (19.25\u201332.00)] and winter vitamin D levels [21.00 ng\/ml (10.60\u201327.60) vs. 23.50 ng\/ml (15.55\u201328.60)], with a smaller seasonal decline. Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in pwMS. None of these findings reached statistical significance. Winter season and being breastfed as a child were associated with significantly lower vitamin D levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency was common among pwMS, which could be influenced by behavioural factors. These findings may inform more targeted recommendations for pwMS to maintain sufficient vitamin D levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:47:42Z","timestamp":1737744462000},"page":"e0317279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with vitamin D levels in Mongolian patients with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Myadagmaa","family":"Jaalkhorol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amarsaikhan","family":"Dashtseren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gantuya","family":"Magnaibayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Badrangui","family":"Bat-Orgil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1798-714X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ikuo","family":"Tsunoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiirevnyamba","family":"Avirmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5808-9026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefania","family":"Iaquinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-9797","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viktor","family":"von Wyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0317279.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317279.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016149","article-title":"Smoking and multiple sclerosis: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"AE Handel","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0317279.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.03.008","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and smoking","volume":"133","author":"B. 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