{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T05:50:39Z","timestamp":1738129839843,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inversion effect in biological motion suggests that presenting a point-light display (PLD) in an inverted orientation impairs the observer\u2019s ability to perceive the movement, likely due to the observer\u2019s unfamiliarity with the dynamic characteristics of inverted motion. Vertical dancers (VDs), accustomed to performing and perceiving others to perform dance movements in an inverted orientation while being suspended in the air, offer a unique perspective on this phenomenon. A previous study showed that VDs were more sensitive to the artificial inversion of PLDs depicting dance movements when compared to typical and non-dancers if given sufficient dynamic information. The current study compared the gaze behaviors of non-dancers, typical dancers, and VDs when observing PLDs of upright and inverted dance movements (either on the ground or in the air) to determine if the PLDs were artificially inverted. Behavioral results replicated the previous study, showing that VDs were more sensitive in detecting inverted movements. Eye-tracking data revealed that VDs had longer fixations, primarily directed at the depicted dancer\u2019s pelvic area. When performing movements in the air, the depicted dancer was suspended via a harness around their pelvis, providing unique dynamic information that specified the movement\u2019s canonical orientation. In contrast, although typical dancers also attended to the pelvic area, their lack of experience with perceiving and performing vertical dance movements limited their ability to interpret the dynamic information effectively. These findings highlight the role of specialized visuomotor experience in enhancing biological motion perception and have implications for training techniques that leverage visual strategies to improve performance in complex or unfamiliar movement contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T18:46:19Z","timestamp":1738089979000},"page":"e0317290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experience modulates gaze behavior and the effectiveness of information pickup to overcome the inversion effect in biological motion perception"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-368X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoye Michael","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhichen","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing Samantha","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2088-6043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0317290.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012598655-7\/50036-7","volume-title":"Evolution on planet Earth","author":"ER Morey-Holton","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208295","article-title":"Temporal and spatial factors in gait perception that influence gender recognition.","volume":"23","author":"CD Barclay","year":"1978","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys."},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1167\/6.8.7","article-title":"Adaptation aftereffects in the perception of gender from biological motion.","volume":"6","author":"NF Troje","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337021","article-title":"Recognizing friends by their walk: Gait perception without familiarity cues.","volume":"9","author":"JE Cutting","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull Psychon Soc"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193523","article-title":"Person identification from biological motion: Effects of structural and kinematic cues.","volume":"67","author":"NF Troje","year":"2005","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys."},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref006","author":"XM Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Movement-Based Human Identity Recognition: Analysis and Hypotheses"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/10407413.2014.957969","article-title":"Seeing Where the Stone Is Thrown by Observing a Point-Light Thrower: Perceiving the Effect of Action Is Enabled by Information, Not Motor Experience.","volume":"26","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212378","article-title":"Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis","volume":"14","author":"G. Johansson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309043","article-title":"Spatio-temporal differentiation and integration in visual motion perception: An experimental and theoretical analysis of calculus-like functions in visual data processing","volume":"38","author":"G. Johansson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.112.4.585","article-title":"Kinematic specification of dynamics as an informational basis for person-and-action perception: Expectation, gender recognition, and deceptive intention","volume":"112","author":"S Runeson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212075","article-title":"Orientation specificity in biological motion perception.","volume":"62","author":"M Pavlova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.24471","article-title":"The Effect of Object and Event Orientation on Perception of Biological Motion.","volume":"14","author":"TF Shipley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Sci."},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1068\/p130283","article-title":"Upside-down presentation of the Johansson moving light-spot pattern","volume":"13","author":"S. Sumi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21000-1","article-title":"Extended visuomotor experience with inverted movements can overcome the inversion effect in biological motion perception.","volume":"12","author":"XM Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0058","article-title":"Five factors that guide attention in visual search.","volume":"1","author":"JM Wolfe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12798","article-title":"A review of factors influencing radiologists\u2019 visual search behaviour","volume":"62","author":"A Ganesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/1089313X1001400103","article-title":"Perceiving dance schematic expectations guide experts\u2019 scanning of a contemporary dance film.","volume":"14","author":"C Stevens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dance Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.11.2.11","article-title":"Eye movements, attention, and expert knowledge in the observation of Bharatanatyam dance.","volume":"11","author":"R Ponmanadiyil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eye Mov Res"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy.","volume":"51","author":"J Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0422-2","article-title":"PyGaze: An open-source, cross-platform toolbox for minimal-effort programming of eye-tracking experiments.","volume":"46","author":"ES Dalmaijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref021","volume-title":"Detection Theory: A User\u2019s Guide","author":"N Macmillan","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207704","article-title":"Calculation of signal detection theory measures","volume":"31","author":"H Stanislaw","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01392-6","article-title":"PyTrack: An end-to-end analysis toolkit for eye tracking.","volume":"52","author":"U Ghose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197586815.001.0001","volume-title":"Functional awareness: Anatomy in action for dancers","author":"N Wanich-Romita","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref025","first-page":"00009","article-title":"Characteristic relationship between the centre of pressure and the centre of mass during quiet standing in female ballet dancers.","volume":"1","author":"A Ibuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Phys Med Rehab J"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2018.1468310","article-title":"Specificity of postural control: comparing expert and intermediate dancers.","volume":"51","author":"J Munzert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001066","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1001066","article-title":"Differences in visual search behavior between expert and novice team sports athletes: A systematic review with meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"AF Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0317290.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(87)90001-7","article-title":"The relationship between expertise and visual search strategy in a racquet sport.","volume":"6","author":"B Abernethy","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T18:46:32Z","timestamp":1738089992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317290"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shenbing","family":"Kuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317290","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]}}}