{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T02:21:10Z","timestamp":1773195670799,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54MD000538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD000538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL160324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL160324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34MH136914-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34MH136914-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Asian American women are an understudied population facing a substantial mental health burden, largely driven by the increasing rates of gender- and race-based violence and discrimination. Perceived safety, a key factor influencing mental health, has been underexplored. This study aimed to 1) examine the relationship between perceived safety with mental health outcomes (i.e., depression and anxiety); 2) examine the link between safety-related behavioral modifications and mental health outcomes; and 3) explore the moderating effects of loneliness and resilience on these relationships, drawing from a community sample of n\u2009=\u2009345 Asian American women. Perceived safety was defined as feeling safe in public spaces, transportation and neighborhoods. In our study, 28.7%, 56.2% and 20.6% of women reported feeling unsafe in public spaces, transportation and neighborhoods, respectively. Feeling unsafe in public spaces was associated with higher odds of depression (aOR=2.37, 95%CI: 1.40, 4.02) and anxiety (aOR=2.61, 95%CI: 1.56, 4.37). Avoiding public spaces, leaving home or transportation were linked to increased odds of depression (aOR=2.05, 95%CI: 1.23, 3.40; aOR=2.26, 95%CI: 1.37, 3.74; aOR=2.03, 95%CI: 1.16, 3.57, respectively) while only avoiding leaving home was associated with anxiety (aOR=2.04, 95%CI: 1.24, 3.36). Loneliness moderated the association between avoiding public spaces and anxiety: avoiding public spaces was significantly associated with greater odds of anxiety among women who were not lonely (aOR = 4.77, 95% CI: 1.24\u201318.34), but not among those who were lonely (aOR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.53\u20131.64). Resilience did not moderate these relationships (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009.050). Our findings highlight the mental health impacts associated with reduced perceptions of safety and safety-related behavioral modifications in this group, highlighting the pervasive fear experienced by Asian American women in their day-to-day lives, and emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to address the unique safety challenges faced by Asian American women.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:37:36Z","timestamp":1763750256000},"page":"e0317322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Perceived safety and mental health among Asian American women: Exploring the moderating role of loneliness and resilience"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0117-5756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiepin","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Shevrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linh M.","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5549-2861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sugy","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stella S.","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chau","family":"Trinh-Shevrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahnah","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317322.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0939","article-title":"Methodological issues in the collection, analysis, and reporting of granular data in Asian American populations: historical challenges and potential solutions","volume":"21","author":"NS Islam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0317322.ref002","article-title":"Trends in Clinical Research Including Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Participants Funded by the US National Institutes of Health, 1992 to 2018","volume":"2","author":"LN \u00d0o\u00e0n","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0317322.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993396","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.993396","article-title":"Intersectional discrimination and its impact on Asian American women\u2019s mental health: A mixed-methods scoping review","volume":"11","author":"N Forbes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0317322.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01414-3","article-title":"Increased Self-Reported Mental Health Problems Among Asian-Americans During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Database","volume":"10","author":"J Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0317322.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2020.1851739","article-title":"Anti-Asian discrimination and the Asian-white mental health gap during COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"C Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethnicity & Racial Studies"},{"key":"pone.0317322.ref006","unstructured":"Pillai D, Lindsey A. 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