{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:59:27Z","timestamp":1791500367314,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a leading cause of diarrhea, is responsible for millions of food and waterborne illnesses in humans and animals worldwide.\n                      <jats:italic>Launaea spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Asteraceae family) is a common herb found in the desert of the Mediterranean region, encompassing the peninsula of Sinai. Traditionally, it has been utilized for managing gastrointestinal issues and inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study aimed to assess\n                      <jats:italic>Launaea spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (LS) extracts viz. ethyl acetate (LS-EtOAc), ethanol (LS-EtOH), and\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      -butanol (LS-BuOH), of different polarities against\n                      <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in experimentally infected mice based on immunological, biochemical, histo- and immunohistochemical assays. Extracts were characterized via UHPLC-ESI-LIT-Orbitrap-MS and metabolite profiles were subjected to correlation modeling with bioactivities\n                      <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                      supervised Partial Least Square (PLS) to identify active agents. Most\n                      <jats:italic>L. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts reduced fecal\n                      <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                      oocyst count and mucosal burden (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.05) than untreated infected mice, with LS-BuOH (200\u2009mg\/kg) exerting the highest reduction percentage (97%). These extracts increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in infected and treated mice at all examined days post treatment. Also, the highest Interferon-Gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and Interleukin-15 (IL-15) levels were obtained after 10 days of post inoculation (dPI), which were restored to a healthy state after 21 days, concurrent with a decrease in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-\u03b1) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.001). The increased liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) levels with infection were likewise reduced with extract administration. The LS extracts caused a significant increase in antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (\n                      <jats:italic>P &lt;\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001). Examination of colon tissue revealed that infected-treated mice with LS extracts exhibited a reduction in the expression of cleaved caspase-3, damage score, and degenerative changes. Metabolite profiling of different\n                      <jats:italic>L. spinosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts led to the identification of 86 components, primarily phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, and fatty acids, with the first report of sulfated triterpenoid saponins in\n                      <jats:italic>Launaea<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus. PLS regression analysis revealed that bioeffects were significantly positioned close to LS-BuOH extract (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 0.9) mostly attributed to triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrated potential anti-cryptosporidial effects of LS extracts, especially LS-BuOH, suggesting its potential for inclusion in future nutraceuticals aimed at\n                      <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T13:42:12Z","timestamp":1741009332000},"page":"e0317497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anticryptosporidial action mechanisms of Launaea spinosa extracts in Cryptosporidium parvum experimentally infected mice in relation to its UHPLC-MS metabolite profile and biochemometric tools"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mai M.","family":"Elghonemy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed G.","family":"Sharaf El-Din","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Aboelsoued","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed 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