{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:19:01Z","timestamp":1791386341247,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012021","name":"Iran university of medical sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Arsenic is a widespread environmental contaminant that poses a significant threat to global health due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Given the high levels of arsenic found in the drinking water of western areas of Tehran, the objective of this study was to analyze levels of arsenic in multiple biological samples (blood, hair, and nails) collected from residents living in these areas. This cross-sectional study was conducted over three weeks in November 2022 in five villages. A total of 67 residents from these villages were included in the exposure group. Analysis of arsenic was carried out by using the Perkin Elmer Optima 8000 ICP-OES instrument coupled with the FIAS 100 flow injection module after sample digestion. The average concentration of arsenic in people\u2019s blood was 4.19 \u03bcg\/l, which exceeds the standard limit of ATSDR (1 \u03bcg\/l) by about 4 times. Additionally, 47.8% of blood samples exceeded the standard, while for nail and hair samples, the percentages were 22.4% and 13.4%, respectively. Water samples showed the highest percentage above the standard, with 67.2%. There is no significant relationship between arsenic levels in drinking water, hair and blood. However, a significant positive correlation was observed between the concentration of arsenic in drinking water and nail samples. The mean of hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) indices of arsenic in drinking water suggest that the daily intake levels of the examined arsenic in the study area exceeded the acceptable thresholds ((HQ\u2009&lt;\u20091) and (CR\u2009&lt; 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    )). Although this study demonstrated elevated arsenic exposure among the population in western Tehran, our findings showed no significant correlation between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and biological samples. Therefore, further research is required to identify other potential exposure pathways and develop targeted intervention strategies. Additionally, remediation measures to improve water quality remain essential in this rural area.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T13:53:07Z","timestamp":1739454787000},"page":"e0317527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biomonitoring and Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic Contamination in Drinking Water among Rural Residents in Western Tehran"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Motahareh","family":"Harati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5482-6666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyed Mohammad","family":"Tabatabaei Jabali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Abdossalami Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Chinichian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahereh","family":"Donyavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloufar","family":"Bahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Jalilvand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Kassiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2445-2143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zahra","family":"Asadgol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317527.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-008-9138-7","article-title":"Arsenic in drinking water: sources, occurrence and health effects (a review)","volume":"7","author":"I Villaescusa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0317527.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16232","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316232","article-title":"Comparative biomonitoring of arsenic exposure in mothers and their neonates in Comarca Lagunera, Mexico","volume":"19","author":"JJ Garc\u00eda Salcedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317527.ref003","first-page":"e06380","article-title":"Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic","volume":"19","author":"EFS Authority","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317527.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901205","article-title":"Probabilistic modeling of dietary arsenic exposure and dose and evaluation with 2003-2004 NHANES Data","volume":"118","author":"J Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0317527.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03498-6","article-title":"Influence of metal ions concentration in drinking water in the development of ulcerative colitis","volume":"19","author":"F Bagherzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2021.1895840","article-title":"Toxic and essential elements in drinking water, blood, hair and intestinal tissues of ulcerative colitis patients: probabilistic health risk assessment for drinking water consumers","volume":"41","author":"F Mohammadi-Moghadam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxin Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref007","volume-title":"Guidelines for drinking-water quality","author":"(WHO) WHO","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317527.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2020.08.015","article-title":"Arsenic contamination of groundwater: a global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula","volume":"12","author":"E Shaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosci Front"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1649","article-title":"Arsenic: toxicity, oxidative stress and human disease","volume":"31","author":"K Jomova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900343d","article-title":"Arsenic-induced carcinogenesis--oxidative stress as a possible mode of action and future research needs for more biologically based risk assessment","volume":"23","author":"KT Kitchin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr184","article-title":"Arsenic exposure and toxicology: a historical perspective","volume":"123","author":"MF Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317527.ref012","first-page":"39","article-title":"Assessing human exposure to inorganic arsenic in high-arsenic areas of Latium: a biomonitoring study integrated with indicators of dietary intake","volume":"27","author":"F Cubadda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Ig"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.29024\/aogh.913","article-title":"Potential co-exposure to arsenic and fluoride and biomonitoring equivalents for Mexican children","volume":"84","author":"JH Lim\u00f3n-Pacheco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.134","article-title":"Infant and mother related outcomes from exposure to metals with endocrine disrupting properties during pregnancy","author":"A Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref015","volume-title":"Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food: prepared by the Seventy-second meeting of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)","author":"Joint F, Additives WECoF, Organization WH","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0317527.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307894","article-title":"Association of arsenic with adverse pregnancy outcomes\/infant mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"R Quansah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0317527.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.3c00110","article-title":"Association between arsenic methylation in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study","volume":"1","author":"M Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health (Wash)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0317527.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02988-5","article-title":"The relationship between preeclampsia and arsenic concentration in the peripheral blood","volume":"200","author":"H Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2024.116808","article-title":"Arsenic in drinking water and lung cancer: a systematic review of 35 years of evidence","volume":"483","author":"A Issanov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0317527.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu238","article-title":"Elevated lung cancer in younger adults and low concentrations of arsenic in water","volume":"180","author":"C Steinmaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d2431","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2431","article-title":"Arsenic exposure from drinking water and mortality from cardiovascular disease in Bangladesh: prospective cohort study","volume":"342","author":"Y Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.03.046","article-title":"A review of human biomonitoring in selected Southeast Asian countries","volume":"116","author":"Z Barnett-Itzhaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2 Pt A","key":"pone.0317527.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.08.002","article-title":"An overview of human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in the Canadian Health Measures Survey: 2007-2019","volume":"220","author":"DA Haines","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002396","article-title":"Population-based inorganic mercury biomonitoring and the identification of skin care products as a source of exposure in New York City","volume":"119","author":"W McKelvey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317527.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000220554.50837.7f","article-title":"Modification of risk of arsenic-induced skin lesions by sunlight exposure, smoking, and occupational exposures in Bangladesh","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317527.ref026","first-page":"597","article-title":"Investigation of the source of Jarou deposit using data from host rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry and fluid inclusion study in quartz: An economic potential for Au and Ag","volume":"23","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Crystallogr Mineral"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.06.066","article-title":"A review: aptamer-based analytical strategies using the nanomaterials for environmental and human monitoring of toxic heavy metals","volume":"174","author":"L Farzin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref028","volume-title":"Methods for the determination of metals in environmental samples: Chemistry Research Division, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory\u2026","author":"Division EMSLCR","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.024","article-title":"Using hair and fingernails in binary logistic regression for bio-monitoring of heavy metals\/metalloid in groundwater in intensively agricultural areas, Thailand","volume":"162","author":"P Wongsasuluk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317527.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2012.09.015","article-title":"Exposure to nickel by hair mineral analysis","volume":"34","author":"I Michalak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0317527.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327111408154","article-title":"Case-control study of male cancer patients exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water and tobacco smoke with relation to non-exposed cancer patients","volume":"30","author":"SK Wadhwa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref032","volume-title":"Dermal exposure assessment: a summary of EPA approaches","author":"U Epa","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317527.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0812-x","article-title":"Health risk assessments of arsenic and toxic heavy metal exposure in drinking water in northeast Iran","volume":"24","author":"H Alidadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7223-8","article-title":"Health risk assessment of arsenic and other potentially toxic elements in drinking water from an industrial zone of Gujrat, Pakistan: a case study","volume":"191","author":"N Masood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317527.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-017-0257-7","article-title":"arsenic level and risk assessment of groundwater in Vehari, Punjab Province, Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"M Shahid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expo Health"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref036","unstructured":"Integrated Risk information system: EPA. Available from: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/iris\/."},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.08.058","article-title":"Human health risk assessment with spatial analysis: study of a population chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking water from Argentina","volume":"499","author":"JA Navoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref038","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Pollution: causes, effects and control","author":"JK Fawellwz","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-018-00294-5","article-title":"High arsenic concentration in blood samples of people of village Gyaspur Mahaji, Patna, Bihar drinking arsenic-contaminated water","volume":"12","author":"A Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expo Health"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref040","volume-title":"Toxicological profile for arsenic agency for toxic substances and disease registry","author":"Registry AfTSaD","year":"2007"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0317527.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520701564178","article-title":"Arsenic speciation in rice, straw, soil, hair and nails samples from the arsenic-affected areas of middle and lower Ganga plain","volume":"42","author":"E Sanz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317527.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-019-0388-2","article-title":"Levels, distributions and health risk assessment of lead, cadmium and arsenic found in drinking groundwater of Dehgolan\u2019s villages, Iran","volume":"11","author":"H Rezaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol Environ Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.10.023","article-title":"Industrial metal pollution in water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk","volume":"185","author":"N Saha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0317527.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.06.010","article-title":"Blood arsenic as a biomarker of arsenic exposure: results from a prospective study","volume":"225","author":"M Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"pone.0317527.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108787","article-title":"Toenails as biomarker of exposure to essential trace metals: a review","volume":"179","author":"E Guti\u00e9rrez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref046","volume-title":"Casarett and Doull\u2019s toxicology: the basic science of poisons","author":"CD Klaassen","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317527.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-016-0028-2","article-title":"Natural arsenic in global groundwaters: distribution and geochemical triggers for mobilization","volume":"2","author":"I Herath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Pollution Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317527.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2660-0","article-title":"Environmental geochemistry and sources of potentially toxic elements in thermal springs in the Sabalan volcanic field, NW Iran","volume":"71","author":"S Modabberi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2023.107330","article-title":"Environmental pollution status and health risk assessment of selective heavy metal(oid)s in Iran\u2019s agricultural soils: a review","volume":"256","author":"A Jahandari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Geochem Explor"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref050","unstructured":"Ghasemi F, Taghavi L. Effect of environmental geology impacts on quality and quantity of aquifers (case study: groundwater reservoirs in Akhtarabad village, Malard county). 2016."},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111782","article-title":"Arsenic in the geo-environment: a review of sources, geochemical processes, toxicity and removal technologies","volume":"203","author":"NJ Raju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0317527.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-016-2936-6","article-title":"A review and evaluation of the impacts of climate change on geogenic arsenic in groundwater from fractured bedrock aquifers","volume":"227","author":"R Bondu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.342","article-title":"The way forward: can connectivity be useful to design better measuring and modelling schemes for water and sediment dynamics?","volume":"644","author":"S Keesstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317527.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-011-0247-5","article-title":"Arsenic speciation analysis of urine samples from individuals living in an arsenic-contaminated area in Bangladesh","volume":"17","author":"A Hata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref055","first-page":"797603","article-title":"Comparison of the health implications on the use of As and Cd contaminated water supply between urban and rural communities","author":"H Zailina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317527.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn332","article-title":"Arsenic exposure during pregnancy and size at birth: a prospective cohort study in Bangladesh","volume":"169","author":"A Rahman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.024","article-title":"Using hair and fingernails in binary logistic regression for bio-monitoring of heavy metals\/metalloid in groundwater in intensively agricultural areas, Thailand","volume":"162","author":"P Wongsasuluk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317527.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9041051","article-title":"Binational arsenic exposure survey: methodology and estimated arsenic intake from drinking water and urinary arsenic concentrations","volume":"9","author":"J Roberge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317527.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2011.581371","article-title":"Sampling and sampling strategies for environmental analysis","volume":"92","author":"J Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Environ Anal Chem"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref060","first-page":"2145","volume-title":"Arsenic epidemiology and drinking water standards","author":"AH Smith","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317527.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00168.x","article-title":"Health effects of early life exposure to arsenic","volume":"102","author":"M Vahter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(95)04755-7","article-title":"The impact of heavy metals from environmental tobacco smoke on indoor air quality as determined by Compton suppression neutron activation analysis","author":"S Landsberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.06.085","article-title":"The role of drinking water sources, consumption of vegetables and seafood in relation to blood arsenic concentrations of Jamaican children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"433","author":"MH Rahbar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0317527.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.08.014","article-title":"Discontinuity in the cancer slope factor as it passes from high to low exposure levels--arsenic in the BFD-endemic area","volume":"326","author":"SH Lamm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0317527.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.06.021","article-title":"Health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic intake of Cambodia residents through groundwater drinking pathway","volume":"44","author":"K Phan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317527","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T13:53:28Z","timestamp":1739454808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317527"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Hemati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317527","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}}}