{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T16:30:35Z","timestamp":1777307435464,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the relationship between self-reported physical activity and the components of premorbid metabolic syndrome in patients treated in primary care according to sex.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on a sample of 2,359 patients without cardiovascular disease or diabetes, included in the cohort of the IBERICAN study. Using ANOVA models and adjusting for age, economic status, employment situation, level of education, adherence to a Mediterranean diet, tobacco use and alcohol consumption, we estimated the association of the variables blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood glucose and waist circumference with the self-reported level of physical activity (sedentary, moderate, high, very high). The analyses were performed stratifying by sex.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 854 men and 1,505 women with no identified diseases were included. Women were more sedentary than men (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.004; OR = 1,35; IC95% = 1,10\u20131,65) and presented lower values in all the components of the metabolic syndrome, except for HDL-cholesterol, which was higher (p&lt;0.001). The adjusted ANOVA model shows that diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and waist circumference were significantly lower the higher the level of physical activity in both men and women (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients served in primary care clinics without diabetes or cardiovascular disease and with high levels of physical activity showed better metabolic syndrome profiles. Given that women are more sedentary, gender approaches are needed in the promotion of physical activity to prevent metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:31:23Z","timestamp":1737743483000},"page":"e0317593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Physical activity and metabolic syndrome in primary care patients in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2575-1236","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael Manuel","family":"Mic\u00f3-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-4475","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7074-4951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Barquilla-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonsoles M.","family":"Velilla-Zancada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Polo-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Prieto-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Pallares-Carratala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Segura-Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leovigildo","family":"Ginel-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4486-2820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sergio","family":"Cinza-Sanjurjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0317593.ref001","article-title":"Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome.","author":"J Myers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients. 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Geneva; 2020."},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","author":"FC Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine. BMJ Publishing Group"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Physical inactivity: the biggest public health problem of the 21st century","volume":"1","author":"SN Blair","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine Jan"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12581","article-title":"Exercise as medicine\u2014Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases.","volume":"25","author":"BK Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref014","first-page":"81","article-title":"Health and its determinants, health promotion and health education.","volume":"5","author":"M Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref015","first-page":"E52","article-title":"Any increment in physical activity reduces mortality risk of physically inactive patients: prospective cohort study in primary care","volume":"73","author":"G Grandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"British Journal of General Practice"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36546-5","article-title":"Associations of timing of physical activity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort study.","volume":"14","author":"H Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318172ced4","article-title":"The longitudinal effects of physical activity history on metabolic syndrome.","volume":"40","author":"X Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref018","first-page":"34","article-title":"Sex- and gender-related prevalence, cardiovascular risk and therapeutic approach in metabolic syndrome: A review of the literature","author":"G Pucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research. Academic Press"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref019","article-title":"Any increment in physical activity reduces mortality of primary care inactive patients","author":"G Grandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of General Practice"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0126737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126737","article-title":"Physical Activity, Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults.","volume":"10","author":"MK Salonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.12.019","article-title":"Sex Differences in Association of Physical Activity With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality","volume":"83","author":"H Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00797-4","article-title":"Gender medicine: effects of sex and gender on cardiovascular disease manifestation and outcomes","author":"V Regitz-Zagrosek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cardiology. 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Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Cardiolog\u00eda"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref040","first-page":"17","article-title":"Exercise intervention alters HDL subclass distribution and function in obese women","author":"NJ Woudberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref041","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sex-specific energy intakes and physical activity levels according to the presence of metabolic syndrome in korean elderly people: Korean national health and nutrition examination survey 2016\u20132018","volume":"17","author":"WS Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002214","article-title":"Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering in Young Adults with Obesity.","volume":"52","author":"L Dipietro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"pone.0317593.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.05.010","article-title":"Association between self-reported and objectively measured physical fitness level in a middle-aged population in primary care.","volume":"2","author":"KH Obling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317593","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:31:37Z","timestamp":1737743497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317593"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohammad Arfat","family":"Ganiyani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317593","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]}}}