{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:58:17Z","timestamp":1775782697523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82101717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nEarly spontaneous abortion (ESA) is one of the most common clinically recognized pregnancy complications. While multiple factors such as embryo abnormalities and maternal conditions may contribute to ESA, early identification and screening of maternal risk factors are increasingly important to explore the potential etiologies and improve prevention and treatment strategies for ESA. This study investigates the changes in uterine microbiota and the decidual immune response in ESA patients without embryo abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nESA patients without embryo abnormality and artificial abortion (AA) controls were enrolled for clinical characteristics analysis. The decidual endometrium was subsequently collected for histological evaluation and inflammatory indicator detection. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of uterine secretions was performed to investigate the differences in uterine microorganisms between the ESA and AA groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nClinical analysis showed higher inflammatory response with elevated neutrophil counts in ESA patients. The increase in leukocytes, including neutrophils, was positively correlated with ESA. ESA patients presented significantly increased IL-1\u03b2 expression in decidual stromal cells. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed greater diversity in the uterine microbiota of the ESA group, which presented decreased Lactobacillus abundance and increased abundance of other bacteria at the genus and species levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nChanges in the uterine microbiome are likely related to inflammatory response and lead to early pregnancy loss.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T18:37:12Z","timestamp":1740422232000},"page":"e0317595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The alteration of uterine microbiota participated in the activation of the decidual inflammatory response in early spontaneous 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