{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1788545676907,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81670870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Special Project","award":["J200014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J200014"]}]},{"name":"Science and technology innovation project of Chinese academy of medical sciences","award":["2019-RC-HL-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-RC-HL-019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate the connection between serum lipids, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk and assess whether serum lipids mediate the association between PFAS and AMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1605 participants were enrolled from NHANES 2005\u20132008. Four serum PFAS levels with high detective rates, including perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) were examined. Restricted cubic spline analysis (RCS) and weighted quantile sum (WQS) analysis were employed to detect nonlinear and mixed exposure effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PFOS level was associated with any AMD (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.11; P = 0.011), early AMD (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.95; P = 0.024), and late AMD (OR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.55 to 7.23; P = 0.004) risk. PFHxS (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.93; P = 0.045) and PFOA (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.21 to 3.63; P = 0.011) levels were associated with late AMD risk. The RCS showed a nonlinear connection between PFOS exposure and AMD risk (P nonlinear = 0.006). WQS analysis indicated a positive relationship between mixed PFAS exposure and AMD risk (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.75; P = 0.030). Serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were associated with AMD risk (OR\n                      <jats:sub>TC<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 1.005; 95% CI, 1.001 to 1.009; P = 0.026. OR\n                      <jats:sub>HDL<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 1.028; 95% CI, 1.014 to 1.042; P&lt;0.001), and mediated the relationship of PFOS exposure and AMD risk, with mediation proportions of 5.73% (P = 0.020) and 7.27% (P = 0.032), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PFOS exposure was connected with AMD risk and serum TC and HDL mediated this relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T13:35:28Z","timestamp":1738330528000},"page":"e0317678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Serum lipids mediate the association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and age-related macular degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningda","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuewei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianwen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2366-5350","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lvzhen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0317678.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4401","article-title":"Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the US in 2019","volume":"140","author":"DB Rein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317678.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"WL Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317678.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000513048","article-title":"Brolucizumab: A Newly Developed Anti-VEGF Molecule for the Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.","volume":"244","author":"R Tadayoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica Journal international d\u2019ophtalmologie International journal of ophthalmology Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317678.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190726121711","article-title":"Pharmacological Advances in the Treatment of Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"27","author":"M Gil-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current medicinal chemistry"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101354","article-title":"The economics of vision impairment and its leading causes: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"AP Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317678.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2008.10.001","article-title":"Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"28","author":"X Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progress in retinal and eye research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317678.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00580-7","article-title":"Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: Pooled findings from three continents","volume":"108","author":"W Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0317678.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540140029022","article-title":"A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women","volume":"276","author":"JM Seddon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317678.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.08.018","article-title":"Dietary Nutrient Intake and Progression to Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies 1 and 2","volume":"128","author":"E Agr\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317678.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01780-y","article-title":"Dyslipidemia in age-related macular degeneration.","volume":"36","author":"JB Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-10-31","article-title":"Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"U Chakravarthy","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156717","article-title":"A critical review on air pollutant exposure and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"840","author":"L Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Science of the total environment"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref013","first-page":"204","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and age-related macular degeneration in middle-aged and older adults","author":"MJ Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317678.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-021-00326-4","article-title":"Prevalence and Implications of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Settled Dust.","volume":"8","author":"T Savvaides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current environmental health reports."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317678.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins.","volume":"7","author":"RC Buck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integrated environmental assessment and management."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0317678.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10009","article-title":"Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate,perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers","volume":"115","author":"GW Olsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0317678.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7999","DOI":"10.1021\/es103562v","article-title":"Indoor sources of poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFCS) in Vancouver, Canada: implications for human exposure.","volume":"45","author":"M Shoeib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmental science & technology"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105244","article-title":"Multiple pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): From external exposure to human blood.","volume":"134","author":"S Poothong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment international"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0317678.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32093","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17789-5","article-title":"Mixed effects of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure on cognitive function among people over 60 years old from","volume":"29","author":"X Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"NHANES. Environmental science and pollution research international"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref020","article-title":"First observations of a potential association between accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the central nervous system and markers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"N Delcourt","year":"2023","journal-title":"The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences."},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152565","article-title":"Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and latent health outcomes: A review including the placenta as a target tissue and possible driver of peri- and postnatal effects.","volume":"443","author":"BE Blake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref022","article-title":"AI-driven discovery of blood xenobiotic biomarkers in neovascular age-related macular degeneration using iterative random forests","author":"SE K\u00fcnzel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105555","article-title":"Incidence of ocular conditions associated with perfluoroalkyl substances exposure: Isomers of C8 Health Project in China.","volume":"137","author":"M Zeeshan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment international"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317678.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.01.011","article-title":"Vitreomacular adhesion and neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"57","author":"AR Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Survey of ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S403242","article-title":"Posterior Vitreous Detachment and Its Role in the Evolution of Dry to Wet Age Related Macular Degeneration.","volume":"17","author":"A Bakaliou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317678.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72600-8","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid in indoor particulate matter triggers oxidative stress and inflammation in corneal and retinal cells","volume":"10","author":"PT Tien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0317678.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.49890","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"16","author":"W Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0317678.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11840","article-title":"Associations between Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Exposures and Blood Lipid Levels among Adults-A Meta-Analysis","volume":"131","author":"B Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"10153","key":"pone.0317678.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31550-2","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"392","author":"P Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"161","key":"pone.0317678.ref030","first-page":"1","article-title":"National health and nutrition examination survey: analytic guidelines, 1999\u20132010.","volume":"2013","author":"CL Johnson","journal-title":"Vital and health statistics Series 2, Data evaluation and methods research."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0317678.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32186-9","article-title":"The Wisconsin age-related maculopathy grading system","volume":"98","author":"R Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317678.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90255-5","article-title":"Age-related maculopathy in a multiracial United States population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III","volume":"106","author":"R Klein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref033","article-title":"NHANES 2009\u20132010 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies","author":"CDC"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317678.ref034","first-page":"46","article-title":"Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values.","volume":"5","author":"RW Hornung","year":"1990"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref035","article-title":"Tutorial\u2014weighting","author":"NHANES"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317678.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s13253-014-0180-3","article-title":"Characterization of Weighted Quantile Sum Regression for Highly Correlated Data in a Risk Analysis Setting","volume":"20","author":"C Carrico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of agricultural, biological, and environmental statistics."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317678.ref037","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple Imputation with Diagnostics (mi) in R: Opening Windows into the Black Box.","volume":"45","author":"YS Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317678.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10393","article-title":"Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Mortality in U.S. Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"130","author":"X Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental health perspectives"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"pone.0317678.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117188","article-title":"Association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and depression in U.S. adults: A cross-sectional study of NHANES from 2005 to 2018.","volume":"238","author":"W Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980987","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.980987","article-title":"Association between environmental chemicals co-exposure and peripheral blood immune-inflammatory indicators","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in public health"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.10.014","article-title":"Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) affect oxidative stress biomarkers in vitro.","volume":"129","author":"M Wiels\u00f8e","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106789","article-title":"Temporal trends of concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances among adults with overweight and obesity in the United States: Results from the Diabetes Prevention Program and NHANES.","volume":"157","author":"PD Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environment international"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317678.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2015.10.003","article-title":"Association of age-related macular degeneration and reticular macular disease with cardiovascular disease","volume":"61","author":"N Rastogi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Survey of ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0317678.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.4601","article-title":"Association of Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, and Glycemic Risk Factors With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Mendelian Randomization Study.","volume":"139","author":"V Kuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA ophthalmology."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317678.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2023.2249988","article-title":"Development of a simplified human embryonic stem cell-based retinal pre-organoid model for toxicity evaluations of common pollutants","volume":"42","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cutaneous and ocular toxicology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0317678.ref046","article-title":"Comparing Ocular Toxicity of Legacy and Alternative Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Zebrafish Larvae.","volume":"11","author":"HS Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics."},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124252","article-title":"Caspase-8 promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates eye development defects in zebrafish larvae exposed to perfulorooctane sulfonate (PFOS).","volume":"356","author":"LY Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317678.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.6.24","article-title":"Toxicity Threshold of Perfluorocarbon Liquids for Intraocular Use: Dose-Response Assessment of In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Possible Contaminants.","volume":"10","author":"MR Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2019.104527","article-title":"Chemical compounds causing severe acute toxicity in heavy liquids used for intraocular surgery","volume":"110","author":"GK Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0317678.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.3.24","article-title":"Hydrofluoric Acid and Other Impurities in Toxic Perfluorooctane Batches.","volume":"8","author":"DH Menz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0317678.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100694","article-title":"Association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure with fatty liver disease risk in US adults","volume":"5","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP reports: innovation in hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317678.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23680","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances activate UPR pathway, induce steatosis and fibrosis in liver cells","volume":"38","author":"Q Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental toxicology"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112903","article-title":"Changes in plasma levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with changes in plasma lipids\u2014A longitudinal study over 10 years.","volume":"211","author":"L Dunder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317678.ref054","first-page":"265","article-title":"Accumulation of cholesterol with age in human Bruch\u2019s membrane","volume":"42","author":"CA Curcio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317678.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.08.001","article-title":"Aging, age-related macular degeneration, and the response-to-retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins","volume":"28","author":"CA Curcio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progress in retinal and eye research"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317678.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.01.018","article-title":"Retinal degeneration and local oxygen metabolism","volume":"80","author":"DY Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Experimental eye research"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref057","first-page":"22","article-title":"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Role of Oxidative Stress and Blood Vessels","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7901270","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7901270","article-title":"Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models.","volume":"2020","author":"S Abokyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity."},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109064","article-title":"The association between total serum isomers of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, lipid profiles, and the DNA oxidative\/nitrative stress biomarkers in middle-aged Taiwanese adults","volume":"182","author":"CY Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110361","article-title":"Association between per and polyfluoroalkyl substances and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"196","author":"OE Omoike","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental research"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100825","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: A two-level model hypothesis","volume":"76","author":"MP Rozing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Progress in retinal and eye research"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref062","author":"NT Program","year":"2016","journal-title":"National Toxicology Program Monograph on Immunotoxicity Associated with Exposures to PFOA and PFOS"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0317678.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108539","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Affect Inflammation in Lung Cells and Tissues.","volume":"24","author":"J Dragon","year":"2023","journal-title":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106843","article-title":"Exposure to a mixture of legacy, alternative, and replacement per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) results in sex-dependent modulation of cholesterol metabolism and liver injury.","volume":"157","author":"K Roth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environment international"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158362","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and its influence on the intestinal barrier: An overview on the advances","volume":"852","author":"J Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Science of the total environment"},{"key":"pone.0317678.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-11-22","article-title":"Cholesterol-enriched diet causes age-related macular degeneration-like pathology in rabbit retina","volume":"11","author":"B Dasari","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0317678.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx189","article-title":"HDL-cholesterol levels and risk of age-related macular degeneration: a multiethnic genetic study using Mendelian randomization.","volume":"46","author":"Q Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0355440","type":"expression_of_concern","label":"Expression of concern","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T13:35:57Z","timestamp":1738330557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317678"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Linglin","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317678","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]}}}