{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:30:19Z","timestamp":1788813019731,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Backgrounds<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Abuse of feed supplement can cause oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic>. Synbiotics are composed of prebiotics and probiotics and it possess huge application potentials in the treatment of animal diseases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study examined the effect of d-tagatose on the probiotic properties of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>rhamnosus GG<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>paracasei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>and S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>lactis<\/jats:italic> so as to screen the best synbiotic combinations. Treat <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic> exhibiting oxidative stress and immune response caused by aflatoxin b1 with optimal synbiotics for 14 days, detect the changes of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress markers of <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic> using qRT-PCR, and identified the intestinal bacteria genera and their metabolites in the cecum of <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic> using gut microbiota and metabolomics analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results indicated that oxidative stress and immune response factor expressions quantity in Gallus gallus decreased significantly after 14 days of treatment, compared with model group, the low-dose treatment group\u2019s SOD1, SOD3, GPX1, GPX2, GSR, H6DP, and HO-1 genes in liver were downregulated by 36.03%, 40.01%, 45.86%, 40.79%, 37.68%, 25.04%, and 29.89%, the IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IgA, IgM, and IgG genes in blood and spleen were downregulated by 26.59%, 34.19%, 21.19%, 28.18%, 35.93%, 12.67%, 21.81 and 35.93%, 22.85%, 21.19%, 28.78%, 35.93%, 15.36%, 29.73%. The intestinal bacteria genera and metabolomics analysis results indicated that the abundance of beneficial bacteria genus was up-regulated, and the proportion of pathogenic bacteria genera decreased. The amount of beneficial metabolites associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects was upregulated. The synbiotic composed of d-tagatose and L. rhamnosus GG can treat oxidative stress and immune response by altering the structure of intestinal bacteria genera and the production of metabolites.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T18:35:35Z","timestamp":1738002935000},"page":"e0317825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synbiotics effects of d-tagatose and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on the inflammation and oxidative stress reaction of Gallus gallus based on the genus of cecal bacteria and their metabolites"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0226-1478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanqiang","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-5558","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aijiao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of The Industrial Microbiology Laboratory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0317825.ref001","article-title":"Dietary honokiol supplementation improves antioxidant capacity, enhances intestinal health, and modulates cecal microbial composition and function of broiler chickens","volume":"103","author":"E Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317825.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137031","article-title":"Mutual adhesion of Lactobacillus spp. to intestinal cells: A review of perspectives on surface layer proteins and cell surface receptors","volume":"282","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"pone.0317825.ref003","first-page":"98","article-title":"From oxidative stress to inflammation: redox balance and immune system","author":"C. 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