{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:06:09Z","timestamp":1793307969721,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>With 42.4% of obese US population, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing. Visceral fat, even at the same body mass index, has significant deleterious effects. This study aims to investigate the association between the Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF) and DM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study utilized data from NHANES dataset, covering cycles from 2011 to 2018. Multivariate logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed the association between METS-VF and DM. Additionally, the study compared visceral adipose tissue (VAT) measurement indices to METS-VF for the prediction of DM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In 3,445 participants, METS-VF was positively associated with diabetes [(OR 6.8; 95% CI 5.3\u20138.6) (AUC 0.791; 95% CI 0.768\u20130.814)], the association increased across quartiles (METS-VF &gt;6.5; OR 53.8; 95% CI 0.17\u2013169).METS-VF significantly identifies diabetes compared to other VAT indices (LAP, VAI, waist circumference, and WHtR). Additionally premenopausal females with BMI &gt;25 and METS-VF &gt;6.5 are at a higher risk of developing diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>METS-VF positively associates with the prevalence of diabetes. It is an effective score compared to surrogate markers for VAT measurement. Routine screening of VAT using METS-VF score could be implemented in daily clinical settings and large-scale epidemiological studies to help identify early diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T18:29:52Z","timestamp":1739298592000},"page":"e0317913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF) as a predictor of diabetes mellitus: Evidence from the 2011\u20132018 NHANES study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Harshita","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-1312","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Farheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindu","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dharmendra Kumar","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prayas","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranveer Singh","family":"Jadon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyush","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naval K.","family":"Vikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0317913.ref001","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960\u20131962 through 2017\u20132018.","author":"CD Fryar","year":"2020","journal-title":"NCHS Health E-Stats, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref002","article-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association Report","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity contributes to up to half of new diabetes cases annually in the United States."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317913.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"A Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317913.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283514e13","article-title":"What causes the insulin resistance underlying obesity","volume":"19","author":"OT Hardy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0317913.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000163635.62927.34","article-title":"Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"96","author":"H. BA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00071","article-title":"Adipokines mediate inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"4","author":"H Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0317913.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30084-1","article-title":"Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: a position statement.","volume":"7","author":"IJ Neeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317913.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22898","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22898","article-title":"Anthropometrically-predicted visceral adipose tissue and mortality among men and women in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III).","volume":"29","author":"JC Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6483.1692","article-title":"Obesity: new insight into the anthropometric classification of fat distribution shown by computed tomography","volume":"290","author":"M Ashwell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)."},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref010","article-title":"Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF), a novel estimator of intra-abdominal fat content and cardio-metabolic health","author":"OY Bello-Chavolla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521004116","article-title":"Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat: a novel predictor for the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"128","author":"Y Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172323","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1172323","article-title":"Assessing the usefulness of a newly proposed metabolic score for visceral fat in predicting future diabetes: results from the NAGALA cohort study","volume":"14","author":"R Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0317913.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20046","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020046","article-title":"Association of two novel adiposity indicators with visceral fat area in type 2 diabetic patients: novel adiposity indexes for type 2 diabetes","volume":"99","author":"J Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111443","article-title":"Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat: A reliable indicator of visceral obesity for predicting risk for hypertension","volume":"93","author":"Y Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S421623","article-title":"Is Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF) a Better Index Than Other Adiposity Indices for the Prediction of Visceral Adiposity","volume":"16","author":"C Torun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S266277","article-title":"Estimation\u2014A Novel Cost-Effective Obesity Indicator for Visceral Adipose Tissue Estimation","volume":"13","author":"N Kapoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S370222","article-title":"Metabolism Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF): A New Predictive Surrogate for CKD Risk.","volume":"15","author":"L Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0317913.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.06.001","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between metabolic score for visceral fat and hyperuricemia in non-obese adults","volume":"30","author":"XZ Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0317913.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2007.S5","article-title":"Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"26","author":"Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317913.ref020","article-title":"Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142022 Abridged for Primary Care Providers.","volume":"40","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref021","first-page":"S42","article-title":"Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Targets for Glycemic Control. 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"42","author":"S. Ali Imran MBBS, FRCP (Edin), FRCPC, Gina Agarwal MBBS, PhD, MRCGP, CCFP, FCFP, Harpreet S. Bajaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317913.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0941-y","article-title":"Efficacy of visceral fat estimation by dual bioelectrical impedance analysis in detecting cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Y Omura-Ohata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00646-3","article-title":"An association between visceral or subcutaneous fat accumulation and diabetes mellitus among Japanese subjects","volume":"13","author":"Hirohide Yokokawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317913.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01464-1","article-title":"Association of visceral adiposity index with incident nephropathy and retinopathy: a cohort study in the diabetic population","volume":"21","author":"Z Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317913.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0734-8","article-title":"Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: a favorable adipose depot for diabetes?","volume":"17","author":"P Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317913.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2005.07.003","article-title":"Fatty acids and insulin resistance in muscle and liver","volume":"19","author":"P Kovacs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref027","first-page":"476279","article-title":"Pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle","volume":"2010","author":"MA Abdul-Ghani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0317913.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020696","article-title":"Metabolic effects of visceral fat accumulation in type 2 diabetes","volume":"87","author":"A Gastaldelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.119","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue in women: longitudinal study of the effects of fat gain, time, and race","volume":"10","author":"C Lara-Castro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref030","first-page":"207","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of age related changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese.","volume":"18","author":"K Kotani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J ObesRelatMetabDisord"},{"key":"pone.0317913.ref031","first-page":"5","article-title":"Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite? Pediatr.","volume":"20","author":"J.I. Malone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317913","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T18:30:01Z","timestamp":1739298601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317913"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0317913","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]}}}