{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:45:00Z","timestamp":1750221900377,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Visual dysfunction, including abnormal stereopsis, is a significant non-motor symptom in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) that can reduce quality of life and appears early in the disease. Abnormal stereopsis is associated with worsening of bradykinesia and freezing of gait, though the exact pathways linking stereopsis to motor symptoms remain unclear. Furthermore, in PD patients, the pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental complex play an active role in sensorimotor control, and these areas provide cholinergic projections. Cholinergic degeneration may be associated with symptoms such as abnormal stereopsis, postural instability, gait disturbances and cognitive impairment. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that a high postural instability and gait disturbance score would increase the risk of abnormal stereopsis in PD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We designed a cross-sectional study and included 240 early PD patients without ophthalmologic problems other than abnormal stereopsis. To evaluate stereopsis, we used Titmus stereo test plates. Stereopsis testing was performed only once at the time of the patient\u2019s initial PD diagnosis. We collected data from medical history taking, scales, cognitive function tests, gait analysis, and tilt table tests. To analyze the potential risk factors for abnormal stereopsis in PD, we conducted a binary logistic stepwise selection analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among the total of 240 PD patients, 185 were in the normal stereopsis group and 55 were in the abnormal stereopsis group. In the analysis for risk factors related to abnormal stereopsis, the postural instability and gait difficulties (PIGD) subtype score was significantly associated with abnormal stereopsis. (95% confidence interval: 1.37\u20135.15).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In PD, particularly in PIGD subtype patients, abnormal stereopsis can lead to a decrease in the quality of sensory information, potentially interfering with feedback and adaptation processes. This, in turn, can negatively affect posture and gait, creating a vicious cycle.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T18:28:07Z","timestamp":1737656887000},"page":"e0317935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Postural instability and gait disturbance are associated with abnormal stereopsis in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3544-1098","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jungyeun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Hoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9411-4863","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seong-Beom","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0317935.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww175","article-title":"Visual dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"RS Weil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0317935.ref002","first-page":"908306","article-title":"Visual symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"2011","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"pone.0317935.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.04.007","article-title":"Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"134","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317935.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150686","article-title":"Oculo-Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"5","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0317935.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28212","article-title":"Visual Dysfunction and Parkinson\u2019s Disease.","volume":"35","author":"RS Weil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0317935.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100011501","article-title":"Stereopsis in drug naive Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"38","author":"SH Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0317935.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-19-29","article-title":"Stereopsis impairment is associated with decreased color perception and worse motor performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"L Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0317935.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12961","article-title":"Stereopsis and ocular alignment in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with and without freezing of gait symptoms.","volume":"103","author":"M Alhassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"pone.0317935.ref009","first-page":"253","article-title":"Freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Y. 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