{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:57:12Z","timestamp":1791341832726,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Methadone is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder; however, its provision in the US is limited to federally-regulated opioid treatment programs (OTP). Expansion of methadone treatment into non-OTP substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs (\u2018expanded methadone treatment access\u2019) is a promising intervention to increase access.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional geospatial analysis of public transit times to OTPs, expanded methadone treatment access, and other healthcare facilities as of March, 2024 in New York City (NYC). We estimated one-way public transit travel time and compared travel times using population weighted paired t-tests.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For OTPs, 38.2% (95% CI: 38.0, 38.4) of the NYC population was within 15 minutes and 79.7% (95% CI: 79.5, 79.9) was within 30 minutes. For expanded methadone treatment access, 72.1% (95% CI: 71.9, 72.2) of the NYC population was within 15 minutes and 97.5% (95% CI: 97.5, 97.6) was within 30 minutes. The mean travel time was 20.4 minutes (SD: 10.9) for OTPs and 12.1 minutes (SD: 7.1) for expanded methadone treatment access (difference: -8.3 minutes [95% CI: -8.5, -8.1]; P &lt; 0.001). The mean travel time for expanded methadone treatment access was slightly longer than the mean travel time for dialysis facilities (difference: 0.22 minutes [95% CI: 0.06, 0.39]; P = 0.009]), not significantly different than Federally Qualified Health Centers (difference: -0.06 minutes [95% CI: -0.22, 0.11]; P = 0.51), and significantly shorter than the mean travel time to ambulatory surgical centers (difference: -6.3 [95% CI: -6.5, -6.0]; P &lt; 0.001) and hospitals (difference: -8.1 [95% CI: -8.3, -7.9]; P &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Efforts to increase access to methadone treatment in the US should promote expansion to additional non-OTP outpatient SUD treatment programs. Such integration is anticipated to increase spatial accessibility of methadone treatment substantially, greatly enhancing the potential for patient access.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T18:30:36Z","timestamp":1738780236000},"page":"e0317967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Potential improvement in spatial accessibility of methadone treatment with integration into other outpatient substance use disorder treatment programs, New York City, 2024"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-8382","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcus A.","family":"Bachhuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinazo O.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashly E.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0317967.ref001","volume-title":"Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2002\u20132022. 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