{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:32:59Z","timestamp":1790620379940,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Industrial Technology Research and Development Special Project of Jilin Provincial Development and Reform Commission in 2023","award":["No. 2023C042-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023C042-6"]}]},{"name":"the Key Project of Science and Technology Research Plan of Jilin Provincial Department of Education in 2023","award":["No. JJKH20230763KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. JJKH20230763KJ"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of jilin Provincial Department","award":["No. 20220204006YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 20220204006YY"]}]},{"name":"Reform Commission of Jilin Provincial","award":["No. 2022C041-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022C041-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a common disease of the elderly. Given the easy accessibility of handwriting samples, many researchers have proposed handwriting-based detection methods for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Extracting more discriminative features from handwriting is an important step. Although many features have been proposed in previous researches, the insight analysis of the combination of handwriting\u2019s kinematic, pressure, and angle dynamic features is lacking. Moreover, most existing feature is incompletely represented, with feature information lost. Therefore, to solve the above problems, a new feature extraction approach for PD detection is proposed using handwriting. First, built on the kinematic, pressure, and angle dynamic features, we propose a moment feature by composed these three types of features, an overall representation of these three types of features information. Then, we proposed a feature extraction method to extract time-frequency-based statistical (TF-ST) features from dynamic handwriting features in terms of their temporal and frequency characteristics. Finally, we proposed an escape Coati Optimization Algorithm (eCOA) for global optimization to enhance classification performance. Self-constructed and public datasets are used to verify the proposed method\u2019s effectiveness respectively. The experimental results showed an accuracy of 97.95% and 98.67%, a sensitivity of 98.15% (average) and 97.78%, a specificity of 99.17% (average) and 100%, and an AUC of 98.66% (average) and 98.89%. The code is available at <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/dreamhcy\/MLforPD\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/github.com\/dreamhcy\/MLforPD<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T18:43:21Z","timestamp":1737744201000},"page":"e0318021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A novel feature extraction method based on dynamic handwriting for Parkinson\u2019s disease detection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Huimin","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guolian","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5567-1985","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dalong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songzhe","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0318021.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"E Tolosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0318021.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30190-0","article-title":"The burden of neurological diseases in Europe: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"G Deuschl","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"9996","key":"pone.0318021.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"LV Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10423","key":"pone.0318021.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01429-0","article-title":"Medical, surgical, and physical treatments for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"403","author":"T Foltynie","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0318021.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12552","article-title":"Handwriting analysis in Parkinson\u2019s disease: current status and future directions","volume":"4","author":"M Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Movement disorders clinical practice"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0318021.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25990","article-title":"From micrographia to Parkinson\u2019s disease dysgraphia","volume":"29","author":"A Letanneux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0318021.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drotar P, Mekyska J, Sm\u00e9kal Z, Rektorov\u00e1 I, Masarov\u00e1 L, Faundez-Zanuy M. 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