{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:30:05Z","timestamp":1785306605793,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MED-285-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MED-285-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn<\/jats:italic>) is the primary bacterial cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) globally, particularly impacting older adults and children. While <jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> colonization in children is linked to LRTI, its prevalence, and consequences in adults with comorbidities remain uncertain. This study aims to provide novel data in that regard.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This prospective study of outpatient adults with chronic diseases was conducted in Colombia. Data on demographics, vaccination, and clinical history was collected in a RedCap database. Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were examined for <jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> colonization using traditional cultures and quantitative\u2014real time polymerase chain reaction (q-rtPCR). Patients were followed for 18 months, with colonization prevalence calculated and factors influencing colonization and its impact on clinical outcomes analyzed through logistic regressions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>810 patients were enrolled, with 10.1% (82\/810) identified as colonized. The mean (SD) age was 62 years (\u00b115), and 48.6% (394\/810) were female. Major comorbidities included hypertension (52.2% [423\/810]), cardiac conditions (31.1% [252\/810]), and chronic kidney disease (17.4% [141\/810]). Among all, 31.6% (256\/810) received the influenza vaccine in the previous year, and 10.7% (87\/810) received anti-<jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> vaccines. Chronic kidney disease (OR 95% CI; 2.48 [1.01\u20136.15], p = 0.04) and chronic cardiac diseases (OR 95% CI; 1.62 [0.99\u20132.66], p = 0.05) were independently associated with <jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> colonization. However, colonization was not associated with the development of LRTI (OR 95%CI; 0.64 [0.14\u20132.79], p = 0.55) or unfavorable outcomes (OR 95% CI;1.17 [0.14\u20132.79], p = 0.54) during follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic kidney and cardiac diseases are independently associated with <jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> colonization. However, <jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> colonization was not associated with LRTI\/unfavorable outcomes in adult patients with chronic comorbidities in our cohort.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T18:33:42Z","timestamp":1739385222000},"page":"e0318320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The relation of nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae in comorbid adults with unfavorable outcomes in a low-middle income country"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Olivella-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e1n","family":"Lozada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian C.","family":"Serrano-Mayorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Acosta-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Emilio","family":"Vi\u00f1\u00e1n Garc\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid G.","family":"Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-1137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elsa D.","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Prada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-8195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuli V.","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Crispin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica Y.","family":"Garcia-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveling","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego F.","family":"Josa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Pulido Saenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina Paola","family":"Rod\u00edguez-Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Alberto","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Orjuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Jaimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Tettelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Orihuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1172-6539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis Felipe","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0318320.ref001","unstructured":"Organization WH. 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