{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T09:19:35Z","timestamp":1787908775957,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015-01835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-01835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-02769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-02769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-01646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-01646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022- 06725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022- 06725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-05973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-05973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article addresses the role of digital intermediaries in visual climate communication, and specifically their contribution to the persistence of a \u2018green ghetto\u2019 of traditional communicators and repertoires online. We argue for a comparative sensibility: global platforms convey global issues to global audiences, yet the same platform may distribute conditions of visibility for compelling communication unevenly around the world. The study analyses how a major global visual platform, YouTube (Search), articulates climate change in 232 countries in their official languages. It combines API research, channel coding and computational image analysis to assess the processing and presentation of top-ranked results with respect to their diversity and proximity to local context. The findings show that YouTube Search establishes visibility winners who typically sustain the classic visual repertoire of climate change as a distant problem, and that Global North sources dominate irrespective of region. However, there are notable exceptions to these patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T18:21:38Z","timestamp":1744136498000},"page":"e0318338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Visual digital intermediaries and global climate communication: Is climate change still a distant problem on YouTube?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Segerberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3437-9018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matteo","family":"Magnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0318338.ref001","unstructured":"Corner A, Webster R, Teriete C. Climate visuals: Seven principles for visual climate change communication; 2015"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref002","article-title":"Talking climate. Cham: Springer International Publishing","author":"A Corner","year":"2017"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0318338.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2022.2077292","article-title":"Social engagement with climate change: Principles for effective visual representation on social media","volume":"22","author":"B Le\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clim Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318338.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1068\/d378","article-title":"Polar bears and energy-efficient lightbulbs: Strategies to bring climate change home","volume":"22","author":"R Slocum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Plan D"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref005","article-title":"Effects of social media use on climate change opinion","author":"A Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"knowledge, and behavior. In: Oxford research encyclopedia of climate science. Oxford University Press"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.569","article-title":"The social media life of climate change: Platforms, publics, and future imaginaries","volume":"10","author":"W Pearce","year":"2018","journal-title":"WIREs Clim Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.509","article-title":"Public engagement with climate imagery in a changing digital landscape","volume":"9","author":"S Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"WIREs Clim Change"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref008","article-title":"The internet of natural things: Environmental communication online and in social media. In: The handbook of international trends in environmental communication","author":"M Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.166","article-title":"The power of default on Reddit: A general model to measure the influence of information intermediaries","volume":"9","author":"P J\u00fcrgens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref010","first-page":"1600","article-title":"Kleis Nielsen R, Ganter SA","volume":"20","author":"R Kleis Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dealing with digital intermediaries: A case study of the relations between publishers and platforms. New Media Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856517736982","article-title":"From ranking algorithms to \u2018ranking cultures\u2019","volume":"24","author":"B Rieder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Convergence: Int J Res New Media Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0318338.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2023.2253500","article-title":"A distant threat? The framing of climate futures across four countries","volume":"17","author":"L Guenther","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Commun"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2021.102353","article-title":"Climate change in news media across the globe: An automated analysis of issue attention and themes in climate change coverage in 10 countries (2006\u20132018)","volume":"70","author":"V Hase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Environ Change"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref014","unstructured":"Painter J, Sch\u00e4fer M. Global similarities and persistent differences: A survey of comparative studies on climate change communication. Clim Change Media; 2018. p. 39\u201358."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161216661848","article-title":"Global multimodal news frames on climate change","volume":"21","author":"H Wessler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Press\/Polit"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2018.1486871","article-title":"Visual cross-platform analysis: Digital methods to research social media images","volume":"23","author":"W Pearce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inform Commun Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161220964767","article-title":"Right-wing YouTube: A supply and demand perspective","volume":"27","author":"K Munger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Press\/Polit"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318338.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02275.x","article-title":"Seeing is remembering: How visuals contribute to learning from television news","volume":"40","author":"DA Graber","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2019.1674979","article-title":"A picture paints a thousand lies? The effects and mechanisms of multimodal disinformation and rebuttals disseminated via social media","volume":"37","author":"M Hameleers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polit Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2018.1476891","article-title":"Framing fast and slow: A dual processing account of multimodal framing effects","volume":"22","author":"TE Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0392192107087919","article-title":"The power of visual material: Persuasion, emotion and identification","volume":"55","author":"H Joffe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diogenes (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0318338.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9059-9","article-title":"Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: The role of affect, imagery, and values","volume":"77","author":"A Leiserowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0318338.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820975416","article-title":"Greta Thunberg\u2019s iconicity: Performance and co-performance in the social media ecology","volume":"24","author":"T Olesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3251","article-title":"The visual divide","volume":"7","author":"A Maes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Clim Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.249","article-title":"Climate change and visual imagery","volume":"5","author":"SJ O\u2019Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"WIREs Clim Change"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2013.04.030","article-title":"Image matters: Climate change imagery in US, UK and Australian newspapers","volume":"49","author":"SJ O\u2019Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geoforum"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/09505430701368938","article-title":"Picturing the Clima(c)tic: Greenpeace and the representational politics of climate change communication","volume":"16","author":"J Doyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci Cult"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0318338.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1177\/1461445608098200","article-title":"Visually branding the environment: Climate change as a marketing opportunity","volume":"10","author":"A Hansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Discourse Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0318338.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2018.1435557","article-title":"Bearing witness? Polar Bears as icons for climate change communication in national geographic","volume":"13","author":"D Born","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662513500196","article-title":"Science in pictures: Visual representation of climate change in Spain\u2019s television news","volume":"24","author":"B Le\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Publ Underst Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02504-8","article-title":"More than meets the eye: A longitudinal analysis of climate change imagery in the print media","volume":"163","author":"S O\u2019Neill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0318338.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/13669870802586512","article-title":"Climate change in the British press: The role of the visual","volume":"12","author":"NW Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0318338.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2760","article-title":"Psychological responses to the proximity of climate change","volume":"5","author":"A Br\u00fcgger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Clim Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547016655357","article-title":"The impact of climate change-related imagery and text on public opinion and behavior change","volume":"38","author":"PS Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Commun"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2015.10.003","article-title":"Personal experience and the \u2018psychological distance\u2019 of climate change: An integrative review","volume":"44","author":"RI McDonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0318338.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662519865982","article-title":"Abstract or concrete? The effect of climate change images on people\u2019s estimation of egocentric psychological distance","volume":"28","author":"R Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Publ Underst Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547016635181","article-title":"Perceptions of climate change imagery: Evoked salience and self-efficacy in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria","volume":"38","author":"J Metag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2009.07.004","article-title":"An iconic approach for representing climate change","volume":"19","author":"SJ O\u2019Neill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global Environ Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.006","article-title":"On the use of imagery for climate change engagement","volume":"23","author":"SJ O\u2019Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Environ Change"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2016.10.003","article-title":"Climate visuals: A mixed methods investigation of public perceptions of climate images in three countries","volume":"41","author":"DA Chapman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Environ Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/17565529.2014.951019","article-title":"Future sea changes: Indigenous women\u2019s preferences for adaptation to climate change on South Goulburn Island, Northern Territory (Australia)","volume":"7","author":"L Petheram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2021.1998177","article-title":"Communicating climate change to a local but diverse audience: On the positive impact of locality framing","volume":"16","author":"D Degeling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2158","article-title":"The structural virality of online diffusion","volume":"62","author":"S Goel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Manage Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211012344","article-title":"Showing They Care (Or Don\u2019t): Affective publics and ambivalent climate activism on TikTok","volume":"7","author":"S Hautea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Media + Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2020.1757365","article-title":"Do search algorithms endanger democracy? An experimental investigation of algorithm effects on political polarization","volume":"64","author":"J Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Broadcast Electron Media"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2015.1047887","article-title":"YouTube, social norms and perceived salience of climate change in the American mind","volume":"11","author":"JT Spartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0318338.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650220933729","article-title":"The importance of trending topics in the gatekeeping of social media news engagement: A natural experiment on Weibo","volume":"49","author":"T Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318338.ref048","first-page":"801","article-title":"In Google we trust: Users\u2019 decisions on rank, position, and relevance","volume":"12","author":"B Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Comput-Med Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1145\/331403.331405","article-title":"Analysis of a very large web search engine query log","volume":"33","author":"C Silverstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"SIGIR Forum"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref050","first-page":"12","article-title":"Auditing for transparency in content personalization systems","volume":"10","author":"B Mittelstadt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Commun."},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref051","unstructured":"Sandvig C, Hamilton K, Karahalios K, Langbort C. Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platforms. Seattle; 2014."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0318338.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221100699","article-title":"Representativeness and face-ism: Gender bias in image search","volume":"26","author":"R Ulloa","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein E, Juneja P, Mitra T. Measuring misinformation in video search platforms: An audit study on YouTube. Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact. 2020;4(CSCW1):1\u201327. doi: 10.1145\/3392854","DOI":"10.1145\/3392854"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref054","article-title":"Hey, Google, is it what the Holocaust looked like? First Monday","author":"M Makhortykh"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0318338.ref055","first-page":"824","article-title":"Beyond the bubble: Assessing the diversity of political search results","volume":"7","author":"C Puschmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0318338.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2018.1444076","article-title":"Do not blame it on the algorithm: An empirical assessment of multiple recommender systems and their impact on content diversity","volume":"21","author":"J M\u00f6ller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inform Commun Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318338.ref057","first-page":"169","article-title":"Introna, Helen Nissenbaum","volume":"16","author":"D Lucas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Shaping the web: Why the politics of search engines matters. Inform Soc"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trielli D, Diakopoulos N. Search as news curator. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems; 2019. p. 1\u201315. doi: 10.1145\/3290605.3300683","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300683"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318338.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12043","article-title":"Channeling science information seekers\u2019 attention? A content analysis of top-ranked vs","volume":"19","author":"N Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"lower-ranked sites in Google. J Comput-Mediat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref060","first-page":"2","article-title":"Googling for abortion: Search engine mediation of abortion accessibility in the United States","author":"Y Mejova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Quant Desc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0318338.ref061","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Digital hegemonies: The localness of search engine results","volume":"107","author":"A Ballatore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Assoc Geogr"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref062","article-title":"Does object recognition work for everyone? In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR) workshops","author":"T DeVries","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1154087","article-title":"Thinking critically about and researching algorithms","volume":"20","author":"R Kitchin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inform Commun Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318338.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809342738","article-title":"The politics of \u2018platforms\u2019","volume":"12","author":"T Gillespie","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Media Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318338.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2014.987152","article-title":"Funeral and Instagram: Death, social media, and platform vernacular","volume":"18","author":"M Gibbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inform Commun Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v9i4.4184","article-title":"What\u2019s \u201cUp Next\u201d? investigating algorithmic recommendations on YouTube across issues and over time","volume":"9","author":"A Matamoros-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Media Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318338.ref067","article-title":"Comparing platform \u201cRanking Cultures\u201d across languages: The case of Islam on YouTube in Scandinavia","volume":"5","author":"H Moe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Media Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0318338.ref068","first-page":"895","article-title":"Agent-based testing: An automated approach toward artificial reactions to human behavior","volume":"21","author":"M Haim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Stud"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bounegru L, De Pryck K, Venturini T, Mauri M. \u201cWe only have 12 years\u201d: YouTube and the IPCC report on global warming of 1.5\u00b0C. First Monday; 2020. doi: 10.5210\/fm.v25i2.10112","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v25i2.10112"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref070","first-page":"4","article-title":"Science and environmental communication on YouTube: Strategically distorted communications in online videos on climate change and climate engineering","author":"J Allgaier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Commun"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref071","article-title":"Communicating science and technology through online video: Researching a new media phenomenon. 1st ed. Routledge","author":"B Le\u00f3n","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref072","unstructured":"YouTube for Press; Accessed: July 2022. https:\/\/blog.youtube\/ press\/"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref073","unstructured":"Countries with the most YouTube users; Accessed: July 2022. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/280685\/number-of-monthly-unique-youtube-users\/"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref074","unstructured":"YouTube Search; Accessed: July 2022. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/intl\/en_be\/howyoutubeworks\/product-features\/search\/"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref075","unstructured":"The Four Rs of Responsibility, Part 2: Raising authoritative content and reducing borderline content and harmful misinformation; Accessed: February 2023. https:\/\/blog.youtube\/inside-youtube\/the-four-rs-of-responsibility-raise-and-reduce\/"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref076","unstructured":"Why is YouTube broadcasting climate misinformation to millions?; Accessed: March 2024. https:\/\/avaazimages.avaaz.org\/youtube_climate_misinformation_report.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0318338.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/0963662515572068","article-title":"Science communication on YouTube: Factors that affect channel and video popularity","volume":"25","author":"DJ Welbourne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Underst Sci"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9on B, Boykoff M, Huda J, Rodrigo C. Framing in climate change videos. In: Communicating science and technology through online video: Researching a new media phenomenon. Routledge Taylor & Francis; 2018. p. 107\u201319.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351054584-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318338.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v8i2.2937","article-title":"Pro-Science, Anti-science and neutral science in online videos on climate change, vaccines and nanotechnology","volume":"8","author":"MC Erviti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Media Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318338.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/tran.12543","article-title":"Defining a visual metonym: A hauntological study of polar bear imagery in climate communication","volume":"47","author":"S O\u2019Neill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans Inst British Geog"},{"key":"pone.0318338.ref081","article-title":"Visual politics in the global south. Political campaigning and communication. Cham: Springer International Publishing","author":"A Veneti","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0318338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T18:22:48Z","timestamp":1744136568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0318338"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tomassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0318338","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}