{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T16:51:10Z","timestamp":1794243070331,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG069938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG069938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG069938-02S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG069938-02S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are well-documented. However, racial and ethnic differences in the longitudinal changes among multiple CVD risk factors are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We used prospective cohort data of U.S. adults aged \u226550 in the 2006\u20132016 Health and Retirement Study. Group-based multi-trajectory models characterized age-related trajectories of systolic blood pressure ([BP] mmHg), non-HDL cholesterol (mg\/dL), diabetes mellitus (DM), and smoking. Racial and ethnic differences in the multi-trajectory profiles were examined using multinomial logistic regression. Karlson-Holm-Breen methods were used to assess factors contributing to these associations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 10,292 participants (median age: 61), approximately 32% had an overall favorable profile of CVD risk factors. Compared with non-Hispanic White adults, non-Hispanic Black adults were more likely to exhibit elevated systolic BP with high risks of DM (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 3.36; 95% CI, 2.69\u20134.21; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) and with low risks of DM (RRR = 3.23; 95% CI, 2.38\u20134.38; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Non-Hispanic Black adults were also more likely to exhibit high rates of smoking with and without other co-occurring risk factors. Hispanic adults were most likely to exhibit high risks of DM with elevated systolic BP (RRR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.28\u20132.38; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) and without elevated systolic BP (RRR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.50\u20132.40; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Education, income, and country-of-origin were significantly associated with the excess CVD risks observed among racial and ethnic minority groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Significant racial and ethnic disparities were observed in trajectories of CVD risk factors in U.S. adults. Social determinants largely contributed to these associations in non-Hispanic Black adults and Hispanic adults.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T18:22:11Z","timestamp":1738952531000},"page":"e0318419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Racial and ethnic disparities in longitudinal trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. middle-aged and older adults"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Dupre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radha","family":"Dhingra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-247X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanzhang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassie","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4982-8154","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael D.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Marie","family":"Navar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318419.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X11666141122220003","article-title":"Disparities in cardiovascular disease risk in the United States","volume":"11","author":"G. 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