{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:40:30Z","timestamp":1774305630390,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007480","name":"Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-GRIN-34227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-GRIN-34227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007480","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a growing burden worldwide and vaccines are effective control interventions. Vaccine formulations with tick antigens such as BM86\/BM95 (BM) and Subolesin (SUB) have shown reduction in tick fitness and infestation in immunized hosts. However, antigen combination is a challenging approach to improve vaccine efficacy (E) against multiple tick species. Herein, <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in music<\/jats:italic> algorithms were integrated to model BM-SUB protein-protein interactions to apply a quantum vaccinology approach for combining protective epitopes or immunological quantum in the chimeric antigen Q38-95. Cattle immunized with Q38-95 and infested with African blue tick <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus decoloratus<\/jats:italic> showed an 82% E similar to BM86 and higher than SUB. The immune mechanisms activated in cattle in response to vaccination with Q38-95 were mediated by anti-BM\/SUB antibodies that interfered with BM-SUB interactions and through activation of other innate and adaptive immune pathways. The results support modelling protein-protein interactions affecting E to identify and combine candidate protective epitopes in chimeric antigens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T18:48:13Z","timestamp":1739213293000},"page":"e0318439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modelling protein-protein interactions for the design of vaccine chimeric antigens with protective 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