{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:11:43Z","timestamp":1780956703728,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002802","name":"Cardiff Metropolitan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earlier studies used classical time series models to forecast the nonlinear connectedness of conventional crypto-assets with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions. For the first time, this study aims to provide a data-driven Nonlinear System Identification technique to study the nonlinear connectedness of crypto-assets with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions. Using daily data from January 2, 2019, to March 31, 2023, we investigate the nonlinear connectedness among conventional crypto-assets, sustainable crypto-assets, and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions based on our proposed model, Multiple Inputs Single Output (MISO) Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous Inputs (NARX). Intriguingly, the forecasting accuracy of the proposed model improves with the inclusion of exogenous input variables (conventional and sustainable crypto-assets). Overall, our results reveal that conventional crypto-assets exhibit slightly stronger connectedness with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions compared to sustainable crypto-assets. These findings suggest that, to some extent, sustainable crypto-assets provide a solution to the environmental issues related to CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions. However, further improvements in sustainable crypto-assets through technological advances are required to develop more energy-efficient decentralised finance consensus algorithms, with the aim of reshaping the cryptocurrency ecosystem into an environmentally sustainable market.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T18:29:42Z","timestamp":1738952982000},"page":"e0318647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nonlinear connectedness of conventional crypto-assets and sustainable crypto-assets with climate change: A complex systems modelling approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mushtaq Hussain","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4108-4178","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shreya","family":"Macherla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1472-9367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angesh","family":"Anupam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0318647.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121326","article-title":"The cryptocurrency uncertainties and investment transitions: Evidence from high and low carbon energy funds in China","volume":"175","author":"L. 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