{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:44:19Z","timestamp":1781747059437,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018536","name":"National Mega Project on Major Infectious Disease Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NextGeneration EU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases (Project no. PE00000007, INF-ACT)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NextGeneration EU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases (Project no. PE00000007, INF-ACT)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018536","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reptiles may act as reservoirs or spreaders of potential pathogenic microorganisms including <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> yeasts. While the epidemiology of yeast species has been thoroughly studied, the virulence profile of isolated species is not well investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the haemolytic, phospholipase, lipase activities and biofilm formation of yeasts isolated from the cloacal swabs of venomous snakes from Marrakech, Morocco (Group I, n\u2009=\u200940) and from non-venomous snakes from Cocullo, Italy (Group II, n\u2009=\u200932). All the isolated yeasts from Group 1 showed low production of lipase (Lz \u2265\u2009 0.90) and haemolysin (Hz\u2009\u2265 0.90), and only 35% of them were low phospholipase (Pz) producers (Pz\u2009&gt;\u20090.90). In contrast, all the yeasts from Group 2 produced enzymes and more than 62% produced high amounts of enzymes (Pz \u2264\u2009 0.64; Lz \u2264\u2009 0.69; Hz\u2009\u2264 0.69). Data show that yeasts from snakes were able to produce virulence factors, which vary according to the yeast species and the hosts or their origin, thus suggesting the potential role of snakes in harboring and spreading pathogenic yeasts in the environment. Since the virulence profile was lower in venomous snakes than that in non-venomous ones, we discussed that it may be affected by the venom composition. This will pave the way for fungal infection control, alternative to antifungal drugs in order to overcome resistance phenomena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T17:21:22Z","timestamp":1741800082000},"page":"e0318703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Virulence profile of pathogenic yeasts from snakes: Alternative ways for antifungal strategies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Iniobong Chukwuebuka I.","family":"Ugochukwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairo Alfonso","family":"Mendoza-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5615-1229","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mara","family":"Miglianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalizia","family":"Palazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amienwanlen Eugene","family":"Odigie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-4472","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Cafarchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0318703.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114775","article-title":"Fungal infections: immune defense, immunotherapies and vaccines","volume":"196","author":"JT Loh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0318703.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151874","article-title":"Important mycoses of wildlife: emphasis on etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and pathology-a review: PART 1","volume":"12","author":"ICI Ugochukwu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0318703.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12040480","article-title":"Zoonoses and wildlife: one health approach","volume":"12","author":"D Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318703.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00923-8","article-title":"Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases","volume":"8","author":"T Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318703.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0618-3","article-title":"Reptiles as reservoirs of bacterial infections: Real threat or methodological bias?","volume":"70","author":"G Zancolli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0318703.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106472","article-title":"Role of lizards as reservoirs of pathogenic yeasts of zoonotic concern","volume":"231","author":"W Rhimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0318703.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myae056","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae056","article-title":"Candida auris from the Egyptian cobra: role of snakes as potential reservoirs","volume":"62","author":"C Cafarchia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318703.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73195-0","article-title":"Snakes as sentinel of zoonotic yeasts and bio-indicators of environmental quality","volume":"14","author":"ICI Ugochukwu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0318703.ref009","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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