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To fill this gap, we divided a total of 144 Bianca di Saluzzo male chicks aged 39 days old into three experimental groups (six replicates, eight birds\/replicate): control (C, no enrichment provided), dehydrated larvae (DL, 4.12% as fed), and live larvae (LL, 15.38% as fed), and reared until 147 days of age. Explorative and aggressive behavior patterns were analyzed, in concomitance with a tonic immobility test and the avoidance distance test, heterophile to lymphocyte -H\/L- ratio), and excreta corticosterone metabolites (ECM) matrices. Overall, LL and DL\u00a0supplementation\u00a0were both effective at mitigating aggressive interactions among chickens (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while the frequency of indoor explorative behavior was lower in the LL group compared with C and DL (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). By contrast, we found no differences in fear reduction during the avoidance distance test in the LL or DL groups compared with C (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). We found a trend for the H\/L ratio to be C\u2009&lt;\u2009LL&lt;DL (P\u2009=\u20090.051), and ECM concentrations were significantly lower in DL and LL groups compared with C (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In conclusion, the use of DL and LL as environmental enrichment have the potential to produce beneficial outcomes in slow-growing male chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T18:43:38Z","timestamp":1740163418000},"page":"e0318793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["New horizons in live and dehydrated black soldier fly larvae usage: Behavioral and welfare implications in \u201cBianca di Saluzzo\u201d cockerels"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Bongiorno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0173-1118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Fiorilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gariglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Zambotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3839-2977","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleonora Erika","family":"Cappone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Bergagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7110-0960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabella","family":"Manenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Macchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-9483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesco","family":"Gai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achille","family":"Schiavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0318793.ref001","volume-title":"Poultry development review","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318793.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030679","article-title":"Welfare-related behaviors in chickens: characterization of fear and exploration in local and commercial chicken strains","volume":"11","author":"V Meuser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318793.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2023.2175343","article-title":"Welfare issues in broiler chickens: overview","volume":"79","author":"B Tainika","year":"2023","journal-title":"World's Poult Sci J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0318793.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(88)90112-8","article-title":"The development of aggressive behavior in male broiler chicks: a comparison with laying-type males and the effects of feed restriction","volume":"21","author":"JA Mench","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0318793.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-635X2006000100001","article-title":"Aggressive behavior in the genus Gallus sp","volume":"8","author":"S Queiroz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Bras Cienc Avic"},{"key":"pone.0318793.ref006","unstructured":"Slow Food. 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