{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:03:12Z","timestamp":1788184992027,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["(RSP2025R45)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(RSP2025R45)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deficiency of sulfur (S) has been recognized for both dry and wetland plants as a significant growth limiting factor. S-oxidizers enhance the oxidation rate of S and increase sulfate (SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2009\u2212\u20092<\/jats:sup>) production by making them available in critical growth stages, resulting in higher plant growth and yield. A two-phase study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of microbial redox reactions on soil nutrient bioavailability and crop growth. In the first phase isolation of S bacteria was carried out while in the second phase, a pot experiment was conducted and these bacteria were evaluated as a nutrient source along with different ratios of NPK fertilizer by growing canola (<jats:italic>Brassica napus<\/jats:italic>) as a test crop. Treatment combinations were, viz., Control (no inoculum), \u00bd\u2009NPK fertilizer (50, 30, and 25\u2009kg ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), Full NPK fertilizer (100, 60, and 50\u2009kg ha<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), \u00bd\u2009NPK+SOB, \u00bd\u2009 NPK+SRB and \u00bd\u2009NPK+SOB+SRB. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) strains were isolated from samples and then screened based on pH reduction (in thiosulphate broth). Sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) are characterized by their anaerobic energy metabolism based on the dissimilatory reduction of SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> to hydrogen sulfide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S) or S \u00b0 to be useful for SOB. Among different bacterial consortiums, the best results for nutrient bioavailability (macro- and micronutrient) in soil and plant the treatment \u00bd\u2009NPK+SOB+SRB compared to full NPK increased soil N, P, K, and SO\u2084 by 15.9%, 38%, 2.0%, and 72%, respectively. In plants, it boosted N, K, and SO\u2084 by 7.7%, 31%, and 239%, respectively. The greatest pH reduction (4%) was observed with \u00bd\u2009NPK+SOB relative to full NPK. This study demonstrates that microbial inoculation along with \u00bd\u2009NPK increases the bioavailability of macro- and micronutrients for crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T18:50:21Z","timestamp":1740423021000},"page":"e0318936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Redox cycling of sulfur via microbes in soil boosts the bioavailability of nutrients to Brassica napus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Rabia","family":"Aslam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam","family":"Jilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7065-3898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tajwar","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zia\u2013Ul","family":"-Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambreen","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riaz","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iram","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4528-8517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0318936.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127340","article-title":"Microbes-mediated sulphur cycling in soil: impact on soil fertility, crop production and environmental sustainability","volume":"271","author":"S Chaudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0318936.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-021-00725-4","article-title":"Bacterial redox cycling of manganese in calcareous soil enhances the nutrients bioavailability to wheat","volume":"22","author":"S Babar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Soil Sci Plant Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0318936.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2015.06.006","article-title":"Diagnosis of S deficiency in soybean crops: performance of S and N:S determinations in leaf, shoot and seed","volume":"180","author":"GA Divito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Field Crops Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0318936.ref004","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Impact of legume ameliorating with sulphur and phosphorus on seed Protein, S-Amino acids and P content","author":"M Abd El-Salam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt J Chem"},{"key":"pone.0318936.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2023.126791","article-title":"Soybean yield response to nitrogen and sulfur fertilization in the United States: contribution of soil N and N fixation processes","volume":"145","author":"LF A. 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