{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:17:02Z","timestamp":1792531022682,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec040\">\n<jats:title>\nBackground\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a severe global health threat, driven by the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials across the human, agricultural, and veterinary sectors. To combat this, global and national AMR prevention and containment strategies have been implemented, necessitating continuous monitoring of antimicrobial consumption (AMC) as an integral part of antimicrobial stewardship interventions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec041\">\n<jats:title>\nObjective\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study aims to assess and analyze trends in AMC in Ethiopia from 2020 to 2022, with the goal of informing national and sub-national strategies to combat AMR.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec042\">\n<jats:title>\nMethods\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A three-year AMC surveillance was conducted from 2020 to 2022. Data on locally manufactured and imported antimicrobials were collected from local manufacturers and Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority (EFDA)-regulated ports of entry. AMC was analyzed using the WHO GLASS AMC tool, with antimicrobials categorized using the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. Consumption was measured in Defined Daily Doses (DDDs) and DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID), normalized using population estimates from the World Population Prospects for Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec043\">\n<jats:title>\nResults\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The total AMC in Ethiopia increased from 432 million DDDs in 2020 to 485 million DDDs in 2022. The DID rose from 10.63 in 2020 to 11.34 in 2022. Antibacterials dominated consumption, comprising 98.87% in 2020, 95.96% in 2021, and 99.79% in 2022. Penicillins (J01C) and quinolones (J01M) were the most consumed antimicrobials. As per the Ethiopian AWaRe classification, the majority of antibacterial agents consumed were in the Access group, accounting for 71.14% in 2020, 70.65% in 2021, and 74.2% in 2022. Oral formulations consistently made up over 87% of the total consumption each year. Reliance on imported antimicrobials remained high, with imports comprising 64.76% in 2020 and 74.47% in 2022.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec044\">\n<jats:title>\nConclusion\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The increasing trend in AMC in Ethiopia from 2020 to 2022 underscores the urgent need to establish and strengthen national, sub-national, and facility-level surveillance and reporting systems to better monitor and ensure rational antimicrobial use.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T18:25:57Z","timestamp":1740767157000},"page":"e0319295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ethiopian antimicrobial consumption trends in human health sector: A surveillance report 2020\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hailemariam","family":"Eshete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melaku","family":"Tileku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abiyot","family":"Aschenaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshetu","family":"Shiferaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haregewoin","family":"Mulugeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengistab","family":"Teferi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshita","family":"Shute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asnakech","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heran","family":"Gerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6065-0695","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Atalay Mulu","family":"Fentie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319295.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11041050","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in the global health network: known unknowns and challenges for efficient responses in the 21st century","volume":"11","author":"TM Coque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pone.0319295.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"2","author":"SK Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0319295.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535668","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.535668","article-title":"Microbial resistance movements: an overview of global public health threats posed by antimicrobial resistance, and how best to counter","volume":"8","author":"S Dhingra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0319295.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11387","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2023.11387","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)","volume":"80","author":"KWK Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319295.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00930-z","article-title":"Balancing the risks and benefits of antibiotic use in a globalized world: the ethics of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"19","author":"YA Adebisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"pone.0319295.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100527","article-title":"Situational analysis of antimicrobial resistance, laboratory capacities, surveillance systems and containment activities in Ethiopia: a new and one health approach","volume":"16","author":"AM Beyene","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"pone.0319295.ref007","first-page":"59","article-title":"One health approach and antimicrobial resistance: from global to ethiopian context","volume":"8","author":"D Nureye","year":"2020","journal-title":"EC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319295.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.020","article-title":"Prevention of antimicrobial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: what has worked? 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