{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:28:42Z","timestamp":1776745722624,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the impact of physical education teachers\u2019 verbal encouragements on the psychophysiological aspects, physical enjoyment, and mood states of obese children (OC) in a physical education context. Sixteen OC students (mean age = 13.81 \u00b1 0.73 years) from a preparatory school participated in two test sessions, conducted in a randomized order. Each session involved a series of passing games (games of 10 successive passes) with and without verbal encouragement, with a one-week interval between sessions. The games, formatted as 3 vs. 3 with two additional obese joker\u2019 players, lasted 18 minutes. Each game comprised four 3-minute active periods interspersed with 2-minute passive recovery bouts, played on a 10 \u00d7 20-m pitch. Heart rate was continuously measured throughout each session. Additionally, the Brunel Mood Scale (BMS) was assessed before and after the PG. Furthermore, rating of perceived exertion (OMNI-RPE) and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were assessed after the testing sessions. Video analysis was used to quantify technical actions during PG. PGs with VE induced higher HR (% maximum HR and mean HR), OMNI-RPE, and PACES scores than PGs without VE (ES=\u22121.51, ES=\u22120.78, ES=\u22120.73, ES=2.07, respectively). Compared with PGs without VE, SSGs with VE resulted in an increased percentage of successful passes, number of Goal (10 passes) and fewer lost balls (ES=O.70, ES=\u22120.54, ES=\u22120.86, respectively). The PGVE trial also showed higher vigor and lower total mood disturbance (TMD) compared to the PGNVE trial (ES = \u22121.11, d = 0.78, respectively). Physical education teachers are encouraged to incorporate joker exercises with verbal encouragement to enhance game intensity, mood state, physical enjoyment and technical performance during games among OCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T17:37:37Z","timestamp":1744825057000},"page":"e0319414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Empowering Obese Children in Physical Education: Exploring the Influence of Verbal Encouragement on Games Intensity, Mood States, and Physical Enjoyment during Passing Games"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bilel","family":"Aydi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Okba","family":"Selmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7600-4874","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno E.","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdelkader","family":"Souissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-5809","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-9103","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beat","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Che-Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-3822","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yung-Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nizar","family":"Souissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319414.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.07.019","article-title":"Overweight and obesity in childhood--a special challenge for public health","volume":"210","author":"T Lob-Corzilius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116506","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116506","article-title":"BMI as a mediator of the relationship between muscular fitness and cardiometabolic risk in children: a mediation analysis","volume":"10","author":"A D\u00edez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0319414.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12287","article-title":"Attitudes and beliefs of nonspecialist and specialist trainee health and physical education teachers toward obese children: evidence for \u201canti-fat\u201d bias","volume":"85","author":"M Lynagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319414.ref004","article-title":"Overweight or obese students\u2019 perceptions of caring in urban physical education programs","volume":"36","author":"W Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sport Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319414.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2018.11.003","article-title":"Feasibility of incorporating high-intensity interval training into physical education programs to improve body composition and cardiorespiratory capacity of overweight and obese children: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"P Delgado-Floody","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exerc Sci Fit"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319414.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2012.10599862","article-title":"The nature, occurring contexts, and psychological implications of weight-related teasing in urban physical education programs","volume":"83","author":"W Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319414.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.11.034","article-title":"Weight bias among dietetics students: implications for treatment practices","volume":"109","author":"R Puhl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319414.ref008","first-page":"339","article-title":"Approches personnalis\u00e9es d\u2019intervention pour les probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 mentale p\u00e9rinatale","volume":"39","author":"S Ayers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychol Reprod Infantile"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref009","first-page":"36","article-title":"Future sport, exercise and physical education professionals\u2019 perceptions of the physical self of obese children","volume":"42","author":"DM Peters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319414.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.7.5.641","article-title":"Overweight\/obesity and physical fitness among children and adolescents","volume":"7","author":"SC Dumith","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319414.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.12.006","article-title":"Parental expectations and child screen and academic sedentary behaviors in China","volume":"52","author":"M Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref012","article-title":"Effects of a small-sided soccer program on health parameters in obese children","volume":"29","author":"C Pinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Esporte"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180985","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1180985","article-title":"The impact of verbal encouragement during the repeated agility speed training on internal intensity, mood state, and physical enjoyment in youth soccer players","volume":"14","author":"O Selmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref014","first-page":"133","article-title":"Integration of obese children in physical education sessions: an exploratory study","volume":"10","author":"B Aydi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref015","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of coach encouragement on psychophysiological responses and technical actions in different small-sided soccer games","author":"Y Soylu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Sport Exercise Psychol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0319414.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13241","article-title":"Exercise training in overweight and obese children: recreational football and high-intensity interval training provide similar benefits to physical fitness","volume":"28","author":"N Cvetkovi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0319414.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183467","article-title":"Effect of coach encouragement on the psychophysiological and performance responses of young tennis players","volume":"16","author":"B Kilit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref018","first-page":"44","article-title":"Role of the physician and physical education teacher in the treatment of obesity at school","volume":"13","author":"DS Ward","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrician"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2010.10599623","article-title":"Exploring links to unorganized and organized physical activity during adolescence: the role of gender, socioeconomic status, weight status, and enjoyment of physical education","volume":"81","author":"E Garc\u00eda Bengoechea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref020","article-title":"Acute effects of aerobic exercise on mood and hunger feelings in male obese adolescents: a crossover study","author":"MC Lofrano-Prado","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319414.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030340","article-title":"The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among overweight\/obese and non-overweight\/non-obese children\/adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661736","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2021.661736","article-title":"Creating a supportive classroom environment through effective feedback: effects on students\u2019 school identification and behavioral engagement","volume":"6","author":"V Monteiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319414.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043624","article-title":"Effect of verbal encouragement on physical fitness, technical skill and physiological response during small-sided soccer games","volume":"15","author":"MA Hammami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref024","article-title":"The obese child: motivation as a tool for exercise","author":"JW McWhorter","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8010009","article-title":"The intention to be physically active in sedentary obese children: a longitudinal study","volume":"8","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Hermoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319414.ref026","first-page":"907","article-title":"The effects of verbal encouragement during a soccer dribbling circuit on physical and psychophysiological responses: an exploratory study in a physical education setting","volume":"9","author":"B Aydi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0319414.ref027","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Testing the psychometric properties of an arabic version of the brunel mood scale among physical education students","volume":"13","author":"H Sahli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319414.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.01.010","article-title":"The effect of pitch dimensions on heart rate responses and technical demands of small-sided soccer games in elite players","volume":"12","author":"DM Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319414.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/07303084.2013.779533","article-title":"Using ratings of perceived exertion in physical education","volume":"84","author":"KM Lagally","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Recreat Dance"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/0031512515625376","article-title":"Acute and session ratings of perceived exertion in a physical education setting","volume":"122","author":"KM Lagally","year":"2016","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0319414.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-117609","article-title":"Ratings of perceived exertion and physiological responses in children during exercise","volume":"38","author":"JM Erichsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2014-0007","article-title":"Age related differences in the validity of the OMNI perceived exertion scale during lifestyle activities","volume":"27","author":"KR Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319414.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.09.010","article-title":"Validation and adaptation of the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) in fitness group exercisers","volume":"9","author":"P Teques","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319414.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.2011.02028.x","article-title":"An investigation of the accuracy of therapists\u2019 self-assessment of cognitive-behaviour therapy skills","volume":"51","author":"F McManus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0319414.ref035","first-page":"120","article-title":"Associations entre comp\u00e9tence motrice, auto-perception physique et motivation autonome pour l\u2019activit\u00e9 physique chez les enfants","volume":"8","author":"O Ensrud-Skraastad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N\/A","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000368","article-title":"Impact de la facilitation sociale active et passive sur l\u2019exercice d\u2019endurance et de sprint \u00e0 rythme libre: l\u2019encouragement augmente la performance et la motivation \u00e0 l\u2019exercice","volume":"4","author":"A Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S244512","article-title":"Small-sided games are more enjoyable than high-intensity interval training of similar exercise intensity in soccer","author":"O Selmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319414.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.15561\/20755279.2024.0503","article-title":"The role of the coach-athlete relationship on motivation and sporting commitment","volume":"28","author":"J Longakit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physical Education Studies"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0319414.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8884","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238884","article-title":"Effect of the verbal encouragement on psychophysiological and affective responses during small-sided games","volume":"17","author":"H Sahli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180985","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1180985","article-title":"The impact of verbal encouragement during the repeated agility speed training on internal intensity, mood state, and physical enjoyment in youth soccer players","volume":"14","author":"O Selmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319414.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117121997042","article-title":"Psychological stress and lowered physical activity enjoyment in adolescents with overweight\/obesity","volume":"35","author":"TA Ajibewa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0319414.ref042","first-page":"1526","article-title":"The feeling of pleasure for overweight children during different types of physical activity","volume":"10","author":"A Hawani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319414.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.17309\/tmfv.2023.4.08","article-title":"The coach leadership style: how it impacts on the sports commitment and playing skills of student tennis athletes?","volume":"23","author":"S Hartoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Teor metod fiz vihov"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319414.ref044","first-page":"XX-YY","article-title":"Small-sided games with coaches\u2019 verbal encouragement have a positive effect on aerobic performance, mood state, satisfaction and subjective effort in male semi-professional soccer players","volume":"20","author":"Z Omdhani","year":"n.d","journal-title":"J Mens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319414.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19325037.2012.749678","article-title":"The impact of a mastery motivational climate on obese and overweight children\u2019s commitment to and enjoyment of physical activity: a pilot study","volume":"44","author":"K Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Health Educ"},{"key":"pone.0319414.ref046","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute effects of aerobic exercise on mood and hunger feelings in male obese adolescents: a crossover study","volume":"9","author":"MC Lofrano-Prado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0319414.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2016-0552","article-title":"Affective responses to intermittent physical activity in healthy weight and overweight\/obese elementary school-age children","volume":"14","author":"MR Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0319414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T17:37:48Z","timestamp":1744825068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0319414"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Farjallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0319414","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]}}}