{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:09:44Z","timestamp":1789150184580,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["093768\/Z\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["093768\/Z\/10\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108065\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108065\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCA-2017-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCA-2017-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"US National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 HD060338\/HD\/NICHD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD060338\/HD\/NICHD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009131","name":"Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["8106727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8106727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Barts Charity, UK","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ACF-2015-19-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACF-2015-19-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1021542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1021542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1143707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1143707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UK Department for International Development","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, 15 million children were born HIV-exposed uninfected (CHEU) from mothers living with HIV. CHEU have increased mortality, morbidity and stunting compared to children HIV-unexposed (CHU). Our objective was to compare body composition between CHEU and CHU, which may underlie this vulnerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a substudy among 223 children (36 CHEU and 187 CHU) enrolled in the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial in rural Zimbabwe, we measured height, knee-heel length, weight, calf circumference, skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular and calf), and bio-electrical impedance at 2 years of age. Generalised estimating equations were used to compare body composition between CHEU and CHU, and interactions with linear growth and birthweight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CHEU had significantly lower length-for-age, knee-heel length, weight-for-age, mid-upper arm circumference and calf circumference compared to CHU. CHEU had a lower impedance index (adjusted mean difference \u22120.49, 95% CI \u22120.87, \u22120.11), reflecting less lean mass, and lower skinfold thicknesses (subscapular Z-score adjusted mean difference \u22120.49 (95% CI \u22120.97, \u22120.02); triceps Z-score \u22120.48 (95% CI \u22120.83, \u22120.13)), indicating reduced subcutaneous fat. In early-life, CHEU had lower birthweight. However, no significant interaction between stunting or birthweight and HIV exposure was observed for body composition outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CHEU have a distinct pattern of body composition by 2 years of age, characterised by reduced lean and fat mass compared to CHU which was not explained by reduced linear growth or lower birthweight. This pattern of early-life growth may contribute to the increased vulnerability of CHEU to mortality, morbidity and reduced neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:35:53Z","timestamp":1789148153000},"page":"e0319542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Body composition of children born HIV-exposed uninfected in rural Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3408-7792","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joe D.","family":"Piper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research","place":["Harare, Zimbabwe"]},{"name":"Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London","place":["London, United 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D.","family":"Majo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research","place":["Harare, Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Chasekwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research","place":["Harare, Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naume V.","family":"Tavengwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research","place":["Harare, Zimbabwe"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Michaelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen","place":["Copenhagen, Denmark"],"department":["Department of 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