{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T04:10:44Z","timestamp":1746850244032,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030692","name":"Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25DA051249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25DA051249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030692","name":"Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA019426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA019426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec017\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While there is evidence demonstrating the association between cigarette smoking and weight status, and mortality and weight status, it has not been examined whether weight status is a mediator between number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and all-cause mortality, limiting our knowledge of this association and potential novel approaches to reduce all-cause mortality due to cigarette smoking. We aimed to evaluate whether weight status mediated the association between CPD and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec018\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We harnessed the 2003-2018 NHANES and the Linkage Mortality Files, which included adults who smoked \u2265\u2009100 lifetime cigarettes (unweighted n\u2009=\u20095,676). A generalized linear model estimated the association between cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and weight status (e.g., Body Mass Index (BMI) or Waist Circumference (WC)). An Accelerated Failure Time model with a Weibull distribution estimated the association between CPD and all-cause mortality with weight status as a mediator, adjusting for age, SES, alcohol consumption, race\/ethnicity, sex\/gender, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec019\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Between 2003-2018, the sample\u2019s mean BMI was 27.97\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, sample\u2019s mean WC was 97.58\u2009cm and mean CPD was 13.21. The total effect in the mediation analysis of WC adjusted by BMI levels in the association between CPD and all-cause mortality was -0.44 (95% CI =\u2009 -2.00, -0.20; p =\u2009 0.016), the average direct effect was -0.35 (95% CI =\u2009 -1.86, -0.10; p =\u2009 0.036), and the average indirect effect was -0.10 (95% CI =\u2009 -0.23, -0.05; p &lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec020\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>WC, as a surrogate measure of weight status, when adjusted by BMI levels, was a partial mediator between CPD and all-cause mortality. Public health interventions aimed to reduce mortality due to cigarette smoking at the population level should consider weight management programs as a harm reduction strategy to reduce mortality.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T18:05:16Z","timestamp":1746813916000},"page":"e0319560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determining whether weight status mediates the association between number of cigarettes smoked per day and all-cause mortality among US adults who smoke cigarettes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7636-8133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Mestre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger S.","family":"Zoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cydne","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Fukuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-1129","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0319560.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7218a1","article-title":"Tobacco product use among adults \u2013 United States, 2021","volume":"72","author":"ME Cornelius","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0319560.ref002","author":"CD Fryar","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0319560.ref003","volume-title":"Health E-stats december 2020 prevalence of underweight among adults aged 20 and over: United States, 1960\u20131962 through 2017\u20132018","author":"CD Fryar","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9937","key":"pone.0319560.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60648-6","article-title":"Prevention of chronic disease in the 21st century: elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability in the USA","volume":"384","author":"U Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0319560.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.5219","article-title":"Estimation of cigarette smoking-attributable morbidity in the United States","volume":"174","author":"BL Rostron","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319560.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.153","article-title":"Association of cigarettes smoked daily with obesity in a general adult population","volume":"15","author":"A Chiolero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319560.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.51.3.252","article-title":"Smoking and relative body weight: an international perspective from the WHO MONICA project","volume":"51","author":"A Molarius","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319560.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.5.849","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and body weight in the cancer prevention study I","volume":"21","author":"JA Istvan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319560.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.6.1208","article-title":"The relationship between body weight and patterns of smoking in women and men","volume":"25","author":"\u00c9 R\u00e1sky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0319560.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420080089037","article-title":"Studies in the distribution of body fat. 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