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Yet, 2.2 billion people globally in 2022 did not have access to safely managed drinking water. Presently there are no publicly available methods for monitoring and measuring access to water sources in low-income settings at a fine spatial scale. The objective of this study was to map and identify areas with improved and unimproved water points in Misungwi, Tanzania using two different methods: 1) community mapping with direct field observations, and 2) drone imagery. We quantified and summarized the number of improved and unimproved water sources, as defined by the WHO\/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme core questions and noted their specific uses where applicable. We also compared the results of both data collection methods outlining their respective advantages and limitations. The community maps and direct field observations not only served as a method to identify water sources, but also provided insights into how community members used and interacted with each water source. In contrast, the drone imagery only served as a method to systematically identify water sources in the study area. A notable advantage of the drone imagery, however, was its ability to identify more unimproved water sources (225 vs 90) compared to the direct field observations. Both methods were effective in identifying water sources at a fine scale, but the drone imagery involved a more time-intensive process, demanded advanced skills, and incurred a higher cost compared to the community mapping with direct field observations. This study highlights the need for accurate and readily accessible data on water sources which is imperative for planning, developing, and managing improved water sources, especially in underserved areas such as Misungwi, Tanzania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T17:38:32Z","timestamp":1742578712000},"page":"e0319603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fine scale mapping of water sources in low-income settings: A comparative study in Misungwi, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9577-5719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Duguay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Thickstun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacklin F.","family":"Mosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatu","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alphaxard","family":"Manjurano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Krentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natacha","family":"Protopopoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5084-4960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manisha A.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0319603.ref001","article-title":"Water and sanitation.","volume-title":"United nations sustainable development [Internet]","author":"Martin"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref002","article-title":"Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation.","volume-title":"The global goals [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref003","volume-title":"The 17 goals | sustainable development"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref004","article-title":"Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.","volume-title":"United nations sustainable development [Internet]","author":"dpicampaigns"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref005","article-title":"Goal 2: zero hunger.","volume-title":"United nations sustainable development [Internet]","author":"Martin"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref006","article-title":"Peace, justice and strong institutions.","volume-title":"United nations sustainable development [Internet]","author":"Martin"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref007","article-title":"Education.","volume-title":"United nations sustainable development [Internet]","author":"Martin"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref008","article-title":"Health.","volume-title":"United nations sustainable development [Internet]","author":"Martin"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref009","volume-title":"Core questions | JMP"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.53328\/UXUO4751","article-title":"Mapping WASH-related disease risk: a review of risk concepts and methods","author":"F Daudelin","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref011"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref012","volume-title":"Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks","author":"A Pr\u00fcss-\u00dcst\u00fcn","year":"2016"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0319603.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11161862","article-title":"Satellite earth observation data in epidemiological modeling of malaria, dengue and west Nile virus: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"E Parselia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0319603.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002919","article-title":"Spatial and spatio-temporal methods for mapping malaria risk: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"JN Odhiambo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref015","volume-title":"MOD13C2 MODIS\/Terra vegetation indices monthly L3 global 0.05Deg CMG V006","author":"K Didan","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref016","volume-title":"Spectral analysis of remote sensing image for assessment of agroforestry areas in Yamunanagar district of Haryana","author":"RH Rizvi"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref017","volume-title":"Quantification and understanding the observed changes in land cover patterns in Bangalore","author":"EC Alex"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref018"},{"key":"pone.0319603.ref019","unstructured":"The DHS Program - Tanzania: Standard DHS, 2022 Dataset. 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