{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:18:41Z","timestamp":1790788721504,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Large B-cell lymphoma of immune-privileged sites (LBCL-IP) is a rare subtype characterized by immune evasion properties. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and primary testicular lymphoma (PTL) are examples of LBCL-IP associated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Few studies have investigated the use of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with relapsed PCNSL and PTL.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To conduct a systematic review evaluating the efficacy and safety of PD-1 inhibitors in patients with relapsed PCNSL and PTL.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases for relevant studies. The inclusion criteria focused on adult patients diagnosed with relapsed PCNSL or PTL who were treated with PD-1 inhibitors. We excluded case reports or series with fewer than five participants, review articles, and animal studies. A random-effects model with the DerSimonian\u2012Laird method analyzed the pooled complete response rate (CRR), partial response rate (PRR), overall response rate (ORR), and progression-free survival (PFS) rate.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seven studies comprising 127 patients (124 with relapsed PCNSL and 3 with PTL) were included. All patients were treated with either nivolumab or pembrolizumab. The pooled CRR was 42.8% (95% CI, 25.7%\u201260.0%; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 75.25%; p &lt; 0.001), indicating high heterogeneity. The pooled PRR was 17.1% (95% CI, 9.5%\u201224.7%; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 18.71%; p = 0.287), with nonsignificant heterogeneity. The pooled ORR was 67.1% (95% CI, 44.9%\u201289.4%; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 88.64%; p &lt; 0.001), indicating high heterogeneity. The 6-month PFS rate was 34.8% (95% CI, 18.1%\u201251.5%; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 27%; p = 0.242), with low heterogeneity. Thirty-eight adverse events were reported. The most common were skin reactions (14 events; 36.8%), fatigue (11 events; 28.9%), and nausea (6 events; 15.8%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study demonstrates that PD-1 inhibitors show promising efficacy in relapsed PCNSL and PTL, with significant responses observed. The adverse effects were mild, with the most common being skin reactions. Therefore, PD1 inhibitors have the potential to drive advancements in treatment strategies for relapsed PCNSL and PTL.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T17:30:08Z","timestamp":1745947808000},"page":"e0319714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Safety and efficacy of programmed cell death-1 inhibitors in relapsed immune-privileged site lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6262-8158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ekdanai","family":"Uawithya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamolchanok","family":"Kulchutisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3342-2755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiraporn","family":"Jitprapaikulsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3533-4775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nattawut","family":"Leelakanok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1262-2005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weerapat","family":"Owattanapanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0319714.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-10-673236","article-title":"Targetable genetic features of primary testicular and primary central nervous system lymphomas","volume":"127","author":"B Chapuy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0319714.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.72.7602","article-title":"Primary CNS Lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"C Grommes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0319714.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4314","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30965","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of primary central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"123","author":"CH Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319714.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09315-8","article-title":"Primary central nervous system lymphoma high incidence and poor survival in Finnish population-based analysis","volume":"22","author":"I Puhakka","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0319714.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.21037\/aol-21-20","article-title":"Relapsed and refractory primary CNS lymphoma: treatment approaches in routine practice","volume":"5","author":"P Ambady","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Lymphoma"},{"key":"pone.0319714.ref006","unstructured":"Network. 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