{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T04:07:49Z","timestamp":1788754069179,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>\nBackground\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) plays a crucial role in diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathology. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the indications and findings UGIE, while exploring their regional distribution and temporal trend across Africa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>\nMethods\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis of pooled prevalence for various indications and endoscopic findings were analyzed from multiple studies in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>\nResults\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seventeen common indication were identified. Of these dyspepsia was the most prevalent indication 52.4%, followed by abdominal pain 17.4%, hematemesis 13.9%, and GERD symptoms 11.2%. Other indications included dysphagia 9.2%, vomiting 9.2, odynophagia 3.5%, and melena 6.2% were identified. Rare indications such as anemia 2.3%, weight loss 2.6% were also reported. Regarding endoscopic findings, thirty-one common findings were identified by UGIE. Gastritis (33.3%) was the most common findings followed by normal findings 21.8%, the third most common was PUD 15.1%, particularly duodenal ulcer (10%), gastric cancer 3.3% were also prevalent in stomach. Related to esophageal findings, GERD 9.6%, esophagitis 8.3%, esophageal varices 7.2% and esophageal cancer 6.1% were identified. Regional difference were apparent, with esophageal cancer prevalent in Eastern (10%) and Southern Africa (10%). Gastritis (45%) and GERD (18%) were more apparent and common in Northern Africa. Even though it is not significant, temporal trends showed an increase in prevalence of gastritis (26 to 36%) and esophagitis (6 to 10%) from 2000-2010 to 2011-2024.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>\nConclusion\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most UGIE indications resulted significant UGIT pathology. However, this analysis did not assess age, sex based indications and findings and their relationship among specific indications and UGIE findings. So, future analysis should focus on age and sex based difference in indications and findings, and explore their relationship among specific indication and corresponding UGIE findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T17:33:46Z","timestamp":1741887226000},"page":"e0319854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Indications and endoscopic findings of upper gastrointestinal diseases in Africa: A systematic review &amp; meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-8348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seid Mohammed","family":"Abdu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3189-7258","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ebrahim Msaye","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussen","family":"Abdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0319854.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergi CM, Sergi CM. Gastrointestinal Tract. Pathology of Childhood and Adolescence: An Illustrated Guide. 2020, p. 255\u2013424.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-59169-7_3"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denbow DM. Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology, in Sturkie\u2019s avian physiology. Elsevier; 2015, p. 337\u201366.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407160-5.00014-2"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref003","unstructured":"Dalley AF, Agur AM, Moore K. Clinically oriented anatomy. Vol. 4. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999."},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref004","unstructured":"Romanes G. Cunningham\u2019s Manual of Practical Anatomy, Volume-3. Oxford University Press; 1986."},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref005","unstructured":"Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AM. Clinically oriented anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0319854.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e776-84","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00152-7","article-title":"Symptoms and medical conditions in 204\u2008912 patients visiting primary health-care practitioners in India: a 1-day point prevalence study (the POSEIDON study)","volume":"3","author":"S Salvi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0319854.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0256-8","article-title":"Burden of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in the United States: Results of a Nationally Representative Survey of Over 71,000 Americans","volume":"113","author":"CV Almario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.015","article-title":"Burden of digestive diseases in the United States part I: overall and upper gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"136","author":"JE Everhart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319854.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07441-8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Endoscopy-Associated Infections: Update on an Emerging Issue","volume":"67","author":"A Deb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319854.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.01.011","article-title":"Appropriate use of GI endoscopy","volume":"75","author":"DS Early","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319854.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(95)70037-4","article-title":"Appropriateness of indications for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: association with relevant endoscopic disease","volume":"42","author":"RP Adang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref012","volume-title":"Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine","author":"D Longo","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100\u20132, 105\u20138, 110","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.1999.03.593","article-title":"Scope and consequences of peptic ulcer disease. How important is asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection?","volume":"105","author":"DY Graham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21608\/fumj.2022.213229","article-title":"Cross section study of endoscopic findings in patients underwent upper endoscopy in Fayoum University Hospital","volume":"10","author":"AA Gomaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fayoum University Medical Journal"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref015","unstructured":"Cotton PB, Williams CB. The Fundamentals. 2003."},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh C, Ahmad A, Saunders B, Cohen J, Cotton P, Williams C. Cotton and Williams\u2019 Practical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: The Fundamentals. John Wiley & Sons; 2024.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119525127"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref017","first-page":"n372","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"M Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref018"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref019"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.21608\/jhpei.2024.254400.1009","article-title":"Critical appraisal tools for qualitative systematic reviews in medical education","volume":"1","author":"M Saaiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Health Professions Education and Innovation"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S436329","article-title":"Indications and Findings of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy at a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"16","author":"AM Argaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02245-6","article-title":"Peptic ulcer disease among dyspeptic patients at endoscopy unit, University of Gondar hospital, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"B Assefa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref023","article-title":"Predictive value of alarm features in diagnosing upper gastrointestinal malignancies among dyspeptic patients: A cross-sectional study in Ethiopia","author":"W Melak","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Res"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref024","article-title":"Endoscopic and histopathological correlation of gastrointestinal diseases in ayder referral hospital, Mekelle University, Northern Ethiopia","author":"YK Kiros","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref025","first-page":"60","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings at Gondar University Hospital, north-western Ethiopia: An eight year analysis","volume":"03","author":"GM Getahun","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24067","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74136-7","article-title":"Patterns of upper gastrointestinal diseases among patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy at three hospitals in Asella town, Southeast Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"D Zena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref027","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal disease in Nairobi and Nakuru counties, Kenya; a two year comparative endoscopy study","volume":"11","author":"W Makanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of African Surgery"},{"issue":"04","key":"pone.0319854.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2020.104020","article-title":"Prevalence and endoscopic findings of Helicobacter pylori infection among dyspeptic patients in Kenya","volume":"10","author":"C Mwangi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0319854.ref029","first-page":"267","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings in patients referred with upper gastrointestinal symptoms in Eldoret, Kenya: a retrospective review","volume":"91","author":"PO Ayuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0319854.ref030","first-page":"49","article-title":"Patterns of upper gastrointestinal diseases based on endoscopy in the period 1998-2001","volume":"12","author":"H Lodenyo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr J Health Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/jcls.jcls_53_23","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori status and associated upper gastrointestinal endoscopic diagnosis in a tertiary hospital: A retrospective study","volume":"20","author":"A Adani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5336\/cardiosci.2017-57696","article-title":"The only and first analysis of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy results from Mogadishu-Somalia","volume":"30","author":"O Bulur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri Cardiovascular Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v15i3.33","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal diseases in patients for endoscopy in South-Western Uganda","volume":"15","author":"S Obayo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref034","unstructured":"Namugerwa J. Peptic ulcer prevalence among patient attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital in Ishaka Bushenyi Municipality. 2017."},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24412","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24412","article-title":"First-Principle Electronic Properties of Dilute-P GaN(1-x)P(x) Alloy for Visible Light Emitters","volume":"6","author":"C-K Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v24i2.44","article-title":"The impact of introducing diagnostic and therapeutic upper endoscopy in an ambulatory Surgery Center in Rural Eastern Uganda","volume":"24","author":"M Abeshouse","year":"2024","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v21i2.54","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings in Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Eastern Uganda: a 10-year retrospective analysis","volume":"21","author":"MJ Doe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319854.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru029","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori status and associated gastroscopic diagnoses in a tertiary hospital endoscopy population in Rwanda","volume":"108","author":"TD Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v16i1.3","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among adult patients with dyspepsia in northern Tanzania","volume":"16","author":"SM Ayana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tanzania Journal of Health Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v23i2.45","article-title":"Clinical features of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 3146 patients: a 9-year retrospective cohort study in Zanzibar Archipelago, Tanzania","volume":"23","author":"L-S Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref041","unstructured":"Khamisi R. Indications and findings of patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es salaam, Tanzania. 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.12970\/2308-6483.2014.02.01.6","article-title":"A new horizon for gastrointestinal endoscopy in Port Sudan, Sudan: Through concept, design and delivery? A visiting practitioner\u2019s commentary","volume":"2","author":"EM Said","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref043","first-page":"6.8","article-title":"The change in upper gastrointestinal disease pattern in Sudan","volume":"123","author":"G El Shallaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref044","first-page":"71","article-title":"Pattern of endoscopic findings of upper gastrointestinal tract in Omdurman teaching hospital, Sudan","volume":"9","author":"A Elhadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref045","first-page":"91","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in El Obeid, Western Sudan: Analysis of the first 1150 cases","volume":"3","author":"HY Adam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_144_22","article-title":"Change in Prevalence and Pattern of Peptic Ulcer Disease in the Northern Savannah of Nigeria: An Endoscopic Study","volume":"22","author":"H Yahya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i3.50","article-title":"Current status of peptic ulcer disease in Port Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"E Ray-Offor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoye OG, Olaomi OO, Nwofor AM, Jibrin P, Batta CS, Ya\u00fa AG, et al. Research Article Correlation of Clinical, Endoscopic, and Pathological Findings among Suspected Peptic Ulcer Disease Patients in Abuja, Nigeria. 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9646932"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v23i2.44","article-title":"Appropriateness and diagnostic yield of open access gastroscopy in two tertiary centers in South-western Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"EA Odeghe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.46912\/wjmbs.11","article-title":"Gastrointestinal endoscopy in the riverine southwestern Ondo State of Nigeria: An eight year review","volume":"1","author":"G Obonna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref051","first-page":"22","article-title":"Gastrointestinal endoscopy in Nigeria--a prospective two year audit","volume":"14","author":"BO Ismaila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/1118-8561.145454","article-title":"Spectrum of endoscopically diagnosed upper gastrointestinal diseases in Jos","volume":"14","author":"M Misauno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sahel Medical Journal"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-1605033134","article-title":"A two year review of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Calabar, Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"O Ngim","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeje E, Olajide T, Akande B. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy-our findings, our experience in Lagoon Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. 2013.","DOI":"10.3889\/MJMS.1857-5773.2013.0288"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref055","first-page":"52","article-title":"Time trends of upper gastrointestinal diseases in Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"SC Nwokediuko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oluwagbenga OO, Musah Y, Paul O, Olagoke E, Oladipo O, Osisiogu SM. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Ido-ekiti, Nigeria: a four-year review. Open Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;3(2):35.","DOI":"10.33425\/2639-9334.1043"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v16i2.32","article-title":"Factors associated with gastro-duodenal disease in patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana","volume":"16","author":"TNA Archampong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v49i3.4","article-title":"Changing Patterns of the Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Among Patients at a Corporate Hospital in Ghana","volume":"49","author":"R Darko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.34.82.18002","article-title":"Indications and findings of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients presenting to a District Hospital, Ghana","volume":"34","author":"A Agyei-Nkansah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duah A, Agyei-Nkansah A, Asafu-Adjaye F, Arthur WE, Amponsah-Manu F. Indications and findings of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in patients with symptoms of upper gastrointestinal disease in Eastern Regional Hospital, Koforidua, Ghana. PAMJ Clinical Medicine. 2022;10(18).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj-cm.2022.10.18.23969"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref061","first-page":"12","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the korle bu teaching hospital, accra, ghana","volume":"41","author":"H Aduful","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ghana Med J"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2014.18.327.4806","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the patient population of Kumasi, Ghana: indications and findings","volume":"18","author":"A Gyedu","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Pan African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319854.ref063","first-page":"342","article-title":"Appropriateness of referrals for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"30","author":"JC Dakubo","year":"2011","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref064","first-page":"006","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in patients presenting to Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana","volume":"1","author":"S Tabiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Unified Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0319854.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4236\/ojgas.2017.711030","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at University Hospital Souro Sanou Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), about 1022 cases: signs and lesions observed","volume":"7","author":"M Koura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref066","article-title":"Acceptability of oesogastroduodenal fibroscopy in private health facilities from the city of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso","author":"M Clement","year":"2023","journal-title":"Central African Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0319854.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4236\/ojgas.2021.1110018","article-title":"Factors associated with the applicability of EPAGE (European panel on the appropriateness of gastrointestinal endoscopy) and the suitability of indications for eso-gastroduodenal endoscopy in a West African country","volume":"11","author":"J Okon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2013.10.001","article-title":"Endoscopic evaluation of patients with dyspepsia in a secondary referral hospital in Egypt","volume":"51","author":"A Gado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alexandria Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.21608\/ejmm.2019.283348","article-title":"Endoscopic and Microbiological Findings of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Dyspeptic Patients in Suez Canal University Hospital","volume":"28","author":"R El-Ghannam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03262-3","article-title":"Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures in Egypt: a nationwide multicenter study","volume":"24","author":"M Elbadry","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319854.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.58675\/2682-339X.2504","article-title":"Clinico-Endoscopic profile of Egyptian Patients presenting with Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms","volume":"5","author":"FG Abdelrazek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Al-Azhar International Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2022.239180","article-title":"Correlation between Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire and Findings of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"88","author":"KM Raafat","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.21608\/ejmm.2023.293549","article-title":"Pattern and Risk Factors of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Associated Bacterial Infections in Suez Canal University","volume":"32","author":"M Yasser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/azmj.azmj_50_22","article-title":"Upper endoscopic findings in patients attending the endoscopy unit of Al-Azhar Assiut University Hospital: 2019\u20132020","volume":"21","author":"HM Moustafa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Al-Azhar Assiut Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2017.166","article-title":"Prevalence of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adult Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms in a Locality in Upper Egypt","volume":"51","author":"M Fouad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref076","first-page":"42","article-title":"Study of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic patterns among patients who underwent Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Sohag University Hospital","volume":"28","author":"A Mohammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sohag Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref077","first-page":"124","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia in Tripoli central hospital, Tripoli, Libya","volume":"1","author":"A Tumi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Libyan J Inf Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref078","first-page":"216","article-title":"Alarm features as predictors of major findings in a rural South African upper endoscopic service","volume":"58","author":"S Cheddie","year":"2020","journal-title":"S Afr J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref079","first-page":"32","article-title":"Indications, outcomes and complications of endoscopies performed at a regional hospital in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"20","author":"Y Mnyombolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"South African Gastroenterology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-5151\/2019\/v57n3a2858","article-title":"An audit of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed on patients at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal","volume":"57","author":"VC Ntola","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Afr J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.4.1323-1327.2001","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection in an urban African population","volume":"39","author":"N Fernando","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03187-x","article-title":"Endoscopic diagnosis of gastric and oesophageal cancer in Lusaka, Zambia: a retrospective analysis","volume":"24","author":"V Kayamba","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.006","article-title":"Gastrointestinal pathology in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: review of endoscopic and pathology records","volume":"102","author":"P Kelly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0353-8","article-title":"Trends in upper gastrointestinal diagnosis over four decades in Lusaka, Zambia: a retrospective analysis of endoscopic findings","volume":"15","author":"V Kayamba","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319854.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1490-7","article-title":"Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in a public referral hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi: spectrum of disease and associated risk factors","volume":"36","author":"LL Wolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2008.080142","article-title":"Do patients in rural Malawi benefit from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy?","volume":"39","author":"H Mothes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0319854.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4236\/ojgas.2021.1111024","article-title":"Profile of endoscopic lesions and prevalence of H. pylori infection at the digestive endoscopy unit of Panzi General Reference Hospital in Bukavu","volume":"11","author":"N Adonis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70441-0","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of upper endoscopy in Asian patients presenting with dyspepsia","volume":"56","author":"CT Wai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"153","author":"JKY Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2015.02.010","article-title":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding","volume":"25","author":"T Tielleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"issue":"10110","key":"pone.0319854.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31462-9","article-title":"Oesophageal cancer","volume":"390","author":"J Lagergren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319854.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30007-8","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of oesophageal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Collaborators GBD 2017 Oesophageal Cancer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319854.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-020-01237-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: update in global trends, etiology and risk factors","volume":"13","author":"DJ Uhlenhopp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14745","article-title":"Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in 2020 and projections to 2030 and 2040","volume":"14","author":"C-Q Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szarka LA, DeVault KR, Murray JA. Diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier; 2001.","DOI":"10.4065\/76.1.97"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319854.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304269","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"HB El-Serag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319854.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-021-03189-z","article-title":"The global prevalence of peptic ulcer in the world: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"N Salari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0319854.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01646.x","article-title":"The prevalence of clinically significant endoscopic findings in primary care patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia: the Canadian Adult Dyspepsia Empiric Treatment - Prompt Endoscopy (CADET-PE) study","volume":"17","author":"ABR Thomson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li ZhaoShen LZ, Zou DuoWu ZD, Ma XiuQiang MX, Chen Jie CJ, Shi XingAng SX, Gong YanFang GY, et al. Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease: endoscopic results of the systematic investigation of gastrointestinal disease in China. 2010.","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.324"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0319854.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510015476","article-title":"First-time endoscopy and use of antisecretory medication: a population-based cohort study","volume":"40","author":"A Lassen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0319854.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i25.3183","article-title":"Infections with Helicobacter pylori and challenges encountered in Africa","volume":"25","author":"S Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1868","article-title":"Helicobacter infection and gastric neoplasia","volume":"208","author":"Jr Peek RM","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3677-0","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection among patients presenting with dyspepsia at a primary care setting in Cameroon: seroprevalence, five-year trend and predictors","volume":"19","author":"JA Aminde","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2542-8","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA genes in dyspeptic Ghanaian patients","volume":"10","author":"TN Archampong","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.200527.001","article-title":"Epidemiological Profile of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients with Digestive Symptoms in Algeria","volume":"10","author":"H Kasmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0319854.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i26.3344","article-title":"Gastro-duodenal disease in Africa: Literature review and clinical data from Accra, Ghana","volume":"25","author":"TN Archampong","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0319854.ref107","first-page":"3554","article-title":"A human model of gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"48","author":"P Correa","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1326379","article-title":"Follow-up of premalignant lesions in patients at risk for progression to gastric cancer","volume":"45","author":"CM den Hoed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0319854.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.4103\/crst.crst_153_22","article-title":"An unusual presentation of breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"S Kirar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Research, Statistics, and Treatment"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90156-S","article-title":"Relationship of Helicobacter pylori to serum pepsinogens in an asymptomatic Japanese population","volume":"102","author":"M Asaka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0319854.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.1996.11.5.373","article-title":"Pathogenesis and prevention of stomach cancer","volume":"11","author":"HS Youn","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0319854.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i3.354","article-title":"Epidemiology of gastric cancer","volume":"12","author":"KD Crew","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0319854.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.4.429","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: the African enigma","volume":"33","author":"C Holcombe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0319854.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1990.245","article-title":"Electric refrigerator use and gastric cancer risk","volume":"62","author":"C La Vecchia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0319854.ref115","unstructured":"Iarc L. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, 7\u201314. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum., 1994;61:1."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0319854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T17:34:23Z","timestamp":1741887263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0319854"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad Salman","family":"Bashir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0319854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]}}}