{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T20:10:06Z","timestamp":1743451806364,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-18-PH\/TBIRP-LIMBIC; W81XWH1920067 and W81XWH-13-2-0095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-18-PH\/TBIRP-LIMBIC; W81XWH1920067 and W81XWH-13-2-0095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 CX002097, I01 CX002096, I01 HX003155, I01 RX003444, I01 RX003443, I01 RX003442, I01 CX001135, I01 CX001246, I01 RX001774, I01 RX 001135, I01 RX 002076, I01 RX 001880, I01 RX 002172, I01 RX 002173, I01 RX 002171, I01 RX 002174, and I01 RX 002170."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002097, I01 CX002096, I01 HX003155, I01 RX003444, I01 RX003443, I01 RX003442, I01 CX001135, I01 CX001246, I01 RX001774, I01 RX 001135, I01 RX 002076, I01 RX 001880, I01 RX 002172, I01 RX 002173, I01 RX 002171, I01 RX 002174, and I01 RX 002170."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec022\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To explore associations of recent moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise (MVAE) participation and lifetime mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history with measures of brain gray matter volumes among military service members and Veterans (SMVs).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec023\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,340; aged 41.3\u2009\u00b1\u200910.3 years; 13% female) were SMV\u2019s who participated in the Long-term Impact of Military-relevant Brain Injury Consortium-Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Prospective Longitudinal Study (LIMBIC-CENC PLS). MVAE participation was self-reported via the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and categorized according to current MVAE recommendations (<jats:italic>Inactive, Insufficiently Active, Active, and Highly Active)<\/jats:italic>. Lifetime mTBI history was queried via validated structured interview and categorized as <jats:italic>0 mTBI<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>1-2 mTBIs<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>3\u2009+ mTBIs<\/jats:italic>. Structural MRI (T1- and T2-weighted images) were used to measure gray matter volumetrics: ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR); bilateral volumes of the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cingulate, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus regions. Multivariable linear regression models were fit to test associations of MVAE participation, mTBI history, and their interaction on each of the volumetric outcomes while controlling for age, sex, education attainment, and PTSD symptoms. Effects were considered statistically significant if the corresponding unstandardized beta (B) and 95% CI did not include 0.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec024\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Regarding main effects, participants in the <jats:italic>Inactive<\/jats:italic> MVAE group had significantly larger VBR values (worse outcome) than those in the <jats:italic>Insufficiently Active<\/jats:italic> group (B[95%CI]\u2009=\u2009-0.137[-0.260, -0.014]). Interaction effects showed participants with no lifetime mTBIs in the <jats:italic>Highly Active<\/jats:italic> group had larger VBR values (worse outcome) when compared to those in the <jats:italic>Inactive and Insufficiently Active<\/jats:italic> groups. SMVs with 3\u2009+ lifetime mTBIs who were <jats:italic>Highly Active<\/jats:italic> also had smaller VBR values (better outcome) when compared to <jats:italic>Highly Active<\/jats:italic> SMVs with fewer lifetime mTBIs. There were no other statistically significant differences for MVAE participation, mTBI history, or their interactions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec025\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>History of one or more lifetime mTBIs was not associated with measures of brain gray matter volumes, suggesting that declines in structural brain health are not expected for the most SMVs with mTBI(s). Although MVAE may benefit brain health, a positive association between self-reported MVAE participation and gray matter volumes was not observed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T19:36:35Z","timestamp":1743449795000},"page":"e0320004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aerobic exercise and brain structure among military service members and Veterans with varying histories of mild traumatic brain injury: A LIMBIC-CENC exploratory investigation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2647-5701","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel 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J.","family":"Goodrich-Hunsaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A.","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Jurick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2707-2333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Randel L.","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew 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