{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T14:08:25Z","timestamp":1793023705809,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CNPq 400876\/2019-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 400876\/2019-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004779","name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Paran\u00e1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004779","name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Paran\u00e1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of neuromusculoskeletal models used to investigate the mechanisms underlying spasticity and identify issues to be addressed in future models.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines and searched four bibliographic databases (PubMed, Compendex Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore, and Science Direct). Inclusion criteria were original studies written in English that investigated the underlying mechanisms of spasticity in humans with no age restrictions. Two independent reviewers selected studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Stroke was the neurological condition addressed by most studies, followed by cerebral palsy. The studies focused mainly on passive tasks with the knee joint as the primary target. All studies considered that spasticity was associated with alterations in the stretch reflex loop. Among the parameters tested by the studies, the reflex gains and thresholds were the parameters that could better represent levels of severity or effects of botulinum toxin type-A treatment. Recent studies proposed that stretching acceleration, muscle force, and force rate could be fed back into the feedback loop besides the muscle length and stretching velocity. However, no consensus was found among them. Finally, it has been that stiffness and viscosity of muscle-tendon-unit are also relevant for describing resistance to passive movement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In order to provide relevant clinical and physiological information, future modeling should include supraspinal mechanisms in-depth, use image-based data to personalize non-neural parameters, specify models according to etiology and tasks, especially the active tasks of daily life activities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T17:39:36Z","timestamp":1747244376000},"page":"e0320153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neuromusculoskeletal modeling of spasticity: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-5226","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ver\u00f4nica Andrade","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Lucio","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseana Wendling","family":"Withers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia Janine Veiga","family":"Massenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Isabel Veras","family":"Orselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano Luporini","family":"Menegaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisangela Ferretti","family":"Manffra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0320153.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354906","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/354906","article-title":"Pathophysiology of spasticity: implications for neurorehabilitation","volume":"2014","author":"C Trompetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0320153.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8759-1","article-title":"Defining spasticity: A new approach considering current movement disorders terminology and botulinum toxin therapy","volume":"265","author":"D Dressler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0320153.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70193-X","article-title":"Spastic movement disorder: Impaired reflex function and altered muscle mechanics","volume":"6","author":"V Dietz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0320153.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280400014576","article-title":"Spasticity: Clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement","volume":"27","author":"AD Pandyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0320153.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-62539-5.00023-0","article-title":"Spasticity.","volume-title":"Braddom\u2019s physical medicine and rehabilitation","author":"GE Francisco","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0320153.ref006","article-title":"Advanced quantitative estimation methods for spasticity: a literature review","volume":"48","author":"Z Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0320153.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827624a7","article-title":"Pathophysiology of spasticity in stroke","volume":"80","author":"D Burke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0320153.ref008","first-page":"485","article-title":"Spasticity: Disordered motor control.","volume-title":"Symposium synopsis","author":"JW. 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