{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T19:12:50Z","timestamp":1779909170602,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015313","name":"National Wildlife Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ideal disease mitigation measures for wildlife are safe and benign for target species, non-target organisms, the environment, and humans. Identifying collateral (i.e., unintended) effects is a key consideration in implementing such actions. Deltamethrin dust and fipronil-laced baits represent a group of insecticides that target fleas (pulicides) and are used to control flea (Siphonaptera) vectors of the plague bacterium <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic> to protect prairie dogs (<jats:italic>Cynomys<\/jats:italic> spp.) and their plague-susceptible obligate predators, endangered black-footed ferrets (<jats:italic>Mustela nigripes<\/jats:italic>). A variety of animals use prairie dog burrows as refuge, which potentially exposes them to deltamethrin, and to fipronil and its metabolites in fecal pellets excreted by prairie dogs and other mammals that have eaten fipronil baits. We assessed the potential effects of deltamethrin and fipronil residues on survival, body mass, and activity of western tiger salamanders (<jats:italic>Ambystoma mavortium<\/jats:italic>), a burrow-inhabiting amphibian. Pulicides were applied at realistic concentrations in mesocosms mimicking burrows. Treatments included (1) deltamethrin dust and non-treated prairie dog fecal pellets, (2) prairie dog fecal pellets containing fipronil and fipronil sulfone, and (3) un-treated prairie dog fecal pellets as controls. All 29 salamanders survived the experiment. We did not detect pulicide residues in any control salamanders. Fipronil sulfone was detected in tissues from 3 of 10 salamanders in the fipronil treatment and deltamethrin was detected in tissues from 9 of 11 salamanders in the deltamethrin treatment. Salamanders were observed outside of burrows more frequently after treatments than before. Deltamethrin concentrations in whole body samples correlated positively with the amount of time salamanders were inside burrows. Acute, lethal effects were not detected, but uptake of deltamethrin and, to a lesser extent fipronil sulfone, into salamander tissues indicated the potential for long-term effects on this non-target species. Identifying potential collateral effects is an important aspect of evaluating mitigation actions implemented to protect endangered species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T17:34:59Z","timestamp":1747071299000},"page":"e0320382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing potential collateral effects on amphibians from insecticide applications for flea control and plague mitigation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4247-017X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David A.","family":"Eads","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Shriner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy W.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Cryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0891-2712","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Hladik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory P.","family":"Dooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Muths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0320382.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272419","article-title":"Assembling a safe and effective toolbox for integrated flea control and plague mitigation: Fipronil experiments with prairie dogs","volume":"17","author":"D Eads","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0320382.ref002","article-title":"Unintended consequences of conservation actions: managing disease in complex ecosystems","volume":"6","author":"ALM Chauvenet","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1071\/WR21153","article-title":"Deltamethrin reduces survival of non-target small mammals","volume":"49","author":"AR Goldberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wildl Res"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2307\/1565527","article-title":"Habitat use and migration behavior of the California tiger salamander","volume":"30","author":"I Loredo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Herpetol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0049","article-title":"Vector control improves survival of three species of prairie dogs (Cynomys) in areas considered enzootic for plague","volume":"10","author":"DE Biggins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0053","article-title":"Enzootic plague reduces black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) survival in Montana","volume":"10","author":"MR Matchett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0320382.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684","article-title":"Epizootic Plague in Prairie Dogs: Correlates and Control with Deltamethrin","volume":"21","author":"DE Biggins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0320382.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-10-250","article-title":"Resistance to deltamethrin in prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) fleas in the field and in the laboratory","volume":"54","author":"DA Eads","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12327","article-title":"Plague management of prairie dog colonies: degree and duration of deltamethrin flea control","volume":"44","author":"DA Eads","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref010","volume-title":"Species status assessment report for the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). USFWS Black-footed Ferret Recovery Program and members of the Black-footed Ferret Recovery Implementation Team","author":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS]","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref011","first-page":"60","article-title":"Systematic review on pyrethroid toxicity with special reference to deltamethrin","volume":"2","author":"H Rehman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Entomol Zool"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12252","article-title":"Efficacy of a fipronil bait in reducing the number of fleas (Oropsylla spp.) infesting wild black-tailed prairie dogs","volume":"42","author":"DM Poch\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0320382.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2339","article-title":"Evaluation of Five Pulicides to Suppress Fleas on Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs: Encouraging Long-Term Results with Systemic 0.005% Fipronil","volume":"19","author":"DA Eads","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12375","article-title":"Managing plague on prairie dog colonies: insecticides as ectoparasiticides","volume":"45","author":"DA Eads","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0320382.ref015","first-page":"434","article-title":"Fipronil Pellets Reduce Flea Abundance on Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs: Potential Tool for Plague Management and Black-Footed Ferret Conservation","volume":"57","author":"DA Eads","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-22-00008","article-title":"Flea control on prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) with fipronil bait pellets: potential plague mitigation tool for rapid field application and wildlife conservation","volume":"59","author":"MR Matchett","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-070202858-8.50012-9","article-title":"Antiparasitic drugs.","volume-title":"Small animal clinical pharmacology","author":"SW. Page","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref018","first-page":"84","article-title":"Lethal effects on flea larvae of fipronil in host feces: potential benefits for plague mitigation","volume":"59","author":"DA Eads","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref019","volume-title":"The black-tailed prairie dog: social life of a burrowing mammal","author":"JL Hoogland","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0320382.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1236-y","article-title":"Burrow Dusting or Oral Vaccination Prevents Plague-Associated Prairie Dog Colony Collapse","volume":"14","author":"DW Tripp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100124","article-title":"Plague mitigation for prairie dog and black-footed ferret conservation: Degree and duration of flea control with 0.005% fipronil grain bait","volume":"3","author":"DA Eads","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref022","volume-title":"Environmental Fate Assessment for the Synthetic Pyrethroids; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division","author":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.R07-02","article-title":"Environmental fate and toxicology of fipronil","volume":"32","author":"AS Gunasekara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pestic Sci"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref024","author":"MJ Wilcomb","year":"1954","journal-title":"A study of prairie dog burrow systems and the ecology of their arthropod inhabitants in central Oklahoma"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref025","first-page":"95","article-title":"Burrow use by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) at a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) town in southwestern South Dakota","volume":"33","author":"JJ Kolbe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Herpetol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv20hcvct","volume-title":"Prairie dogs: communication and community in an animal society","author":"CN Slobodchikoff","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0320382.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s002679900225","article-title":"A Critical Review of Assumptions About the Prairie Dog as a Keystone Species","volume":"24","author":"N Kotliar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2307\/1565607","article-title":"The emigration of radio implanted spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum","volume":"31","author":"DM Madison","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Herpetol"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1655\/01-50","article-title":"Sexual differences in the post-breeding movements and habitats selected by western toads (Bufo boreas) in southeastern Idaho","volume":"60","author":"PE Bartelt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0320382.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.3390\/f5123070","article-title":"The Importance of Maintaining Upland Forest Habitat Surrounding Salamander Breeding Ponds: Case Study of the Eastern Tiger Salamander in New York, USA","volume":"5","author":"V Titus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref031","first-page":"49","article-title":"Hibernation sites of western toads (Anaxyrus boreas): Characterization and management implications","volume":"5","author":"CL Browne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Herpetol Conserv Biol"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520235922.003.0031","article-title":"Factors limiting the recovery of boreal toads (Bufo b. boreas).","volume-title":"Amphibian declines: the conservation status of United States species","author":"CY Carey","year":"2005"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0320382.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.650","article-title":"Amphibians at risk? Susceptibility of terrestrial amphibian life stages to pesticides","volume":"30","author":"CA Br\u00fchl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.07.003","article-title":"Estimating terrestrial amphibian pesticide body burden through dermal exposure","volume":"193","author":"RJ Van Meter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.08.114","article-title":"Pesticide concentrations in frog tissue and wetland habitats in a landscape dominated by agriculture","volume":"502","author":"KL Smalling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3849","article-title":"Sublethal effects of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin on oxidative stress parameters in green toad (Bufotes viridis L.","volume":"36","author":"TB Radovanovi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"). Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"issue":"30","key":"pone.0320382.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2979-x","article-title":"Prooxidant effects of chronic exposure to deltamethrin in green toad Bufotes viridis","volume":"25","author":"MM Nasia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0320382.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390802706363","article-title":"Toxicity and immune system effects of dietary deltamethrin exposure in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum)","volume":"72","author":"JMW Froese","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118894","article-title":"Realistic exposure to fipronil, 2,4-D, vinasse and their mixtures impair larval amphibian physiology","volume":"299","author":"J Silberschmidt Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1353\/book.25108","volume-title":"Frogs of the United States and Canada","author":"CK Dodd","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0320382.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2000)000[0365:LHADVI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Life History and Demographic Variation in the California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense)","author":"PC Trenham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref042","volume-title":"Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado","author":"GA Hammerson","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/3672525","article-title":"Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on reptiles and amphibians in Kansas shortgrass prairie","volume":"46","author":"JE Kretzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Southwest Nat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2005.10.013","article-title":"A comparison of herpetofauna and small mammal diversity on black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies and non-colonized grasslands in Colorado","volume":"66","author":"BK Shipley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Arid Environments"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0320382.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-022-01615-6","article-title":"Potential Effects of Environmental Conditions on Prairie Dog Flea Development and Implications for Sylvatic Plague Epizootics","volume":"19","author":"MD Samuel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138550","article-title":"Multiresidue extraction of current-use pesticides from complex solid matrices using energized dispersive guided extraction with analysis by gas and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy","volume":"327","author":"GP Black","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref047","author":"AVMA","year":"2013"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0320382.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.10.018","article-title":"Cyp27c1 Red-Shifts the Spectral Sensitivity of Photoreceptors by Converting Vitamin A1 into A2","volume":"25","author":"JM Enright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref049","volume-title":"A multiresidue method for the analysis of pesticides in water using solid-phase extraction with gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","author":"MS Gross","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref050","author":"D Bates"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0320382.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA07871H","article-title":"Effect of exposure to deltamethrin on the bufadienolide profiles in Bufo bufo gargarizans venom determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"9","author":"J Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref052","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of the pesticide imidacloprid in stream organisms and sublethal effects on salamanders","volume":"24","author":"SM Crayton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Ecol Conserv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3180-5","article-title":"A review of the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on vertebrate wildlife","volume":"22","author":"D Gibbons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0320382.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2006)016[2325:AIRSIT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Atrazine increases ranavirus susceptibility in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum","volume":"16","author":"DD Forson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0320382.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-009-0234-0","article-title":"Combined effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on susceptibility of the tiger salamander to Ambystoma tigrinum virus","volume":"6","author":"JL Kerby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.7178\/jeit.1","article-title":"Immune suppression by neonicotinoid insecticides at the root of global wildlife declines","volume":"1","author":"R Mason","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Environ Immunol Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.03.015","article-title":"Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: consistent effects across vertebrate classes","volume":"127","author":"TB Hayes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110861","article-title":"Agrochemicals disrupt multiple endocrine axes in amphibians","volume":"513","author":"VL Trudeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1139\/z81-047","article-title":"Terrestrial activity and summer home range of the mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum)","volume":"59","author":"RD Semlitsch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0320382.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2307\/1447434","article-title":"Habitat Use during Breeding and Emigration in Radio-Implanted Tiger Salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum","author":"DM Madison","year":"1998","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2307\/1566130","article-title":"Terrestrial habitat use by adult California tiger salamanders","volume":"35","author":"PC Trenham","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Herpetol"},{"key":"pone.0320382.ref062","volume-title":"Data on tiger salamander body mass, behavioral activity, and insecticide residues","author":"DA Eads","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0320382","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T17:35:14Z","timestamp":1747071314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0320382"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Janice L.","family":"Bossart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0320382","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]}}}