{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:41:17Z","timestamp":1792798877302,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food crops contaminated with <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic> due to aflatoxins can be hazardous for both humans and animals, hence endeavours are being explored to find natural antifungals to combat the contamination and mycotoxin issue. The current study used the agar dilution method to assess the effect of <jats:italic>Urginea epigea<\/jats:italic> methanolic extract and biosynthesized silver-zinc oxide nanoparticles on the toxigenic strain of <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>. In the experiment, an aflatoxin-producing strain was used, and potato dextrose agar was diluted with methanolic extract from <jats:italic>U. epigea<\/jats:italic> and silver\/zinc oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 0, 6.5, 12, 25, and 50\u2009mg\/mL, respectively. Mycelia growth diameters were measured to test inhibitory activity. A significant decrease in fungal growth was observed at different concentrations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0,05) when compared to the control. At 50\u2009mg\/mL, the extract of <jats:italic>U. epigea<\/jats:italic> significantly reduced the growth of <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> by 100%. PCR data shows that the expression of <jats:italic>aflD<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aflR<\/jats:italic> was significantly downregulated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.005) by the treatments, with <jats:italic>U. epigea<\/jats:italic> having a 50fold decrease when compared to Ag\/ZnO nanoparticles. Compared to the controls, Ag\/ZnO nanoparticles down-regulated the expression of <jats:italic>aflD<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aflR<\/jats:italic> in <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> by more than 30-fold. However, there was less expression by nanoparticles, as evidenced by the sequence alignment. <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic> growth and aflatoxin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> production were both considerably suppressed by <jats:italic>U. epigea<\/jats:italic> methanolic extract, through the presence of phytochemicals thus has the potential to be employed as an alternative antifungal agent to control aflatoxigenic fungus. The study recommends investigating and extracting the active compound present in the <jats:italic>U. epigea<\/jats:italic> bulb.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T17:40:17Z","timestamp":1745516417000},"page":"e0320454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inhibitive effect of Urginea epigea methanolic extract and silver\/zinc oxide nanoparticles on Aspergillus and aflatoxin production"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1703-3437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martha Cebile","family":"Jobe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulunda","family":"Mwanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"L 50","key":"pone.0320454.ref001","first-page":"8","volume":"53","author":"Commission Regulation (EU) No 165\/2010 of 26 February 2010 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881\/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards aflatoxins (Text with EEA relevance)","year":"2010","journal-title":"Official J Eur Union"},{"key":"pone.0320454.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0629-4_2","article-title":"Biology and ecology of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species as related to economic and health concerns","volume":"504","author":"DM Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0320454.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00437503","article-title":"The production of cyclopiazonic acid by Penicillium commune and cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus as affected by water activity and temperature on maize grains","volume":"136","author":"N Gqaleni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"pone.0320454.ref004","first-page":"468","article-title":"Aflatoxins and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health: An Emerging Problem.","volume-title":"Aflatoxin-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","author":"EG. 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